1. SEHS Topic 1: Anatomy

2. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton:
skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column:
cervical -7; thoracic – 12;
lumbar – 5; sacral – 5 (fused as 1);
coccyx – 4 (fused as 1)
Appendicular skeleton:
Pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles);
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges
Pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis); femur,
patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and

3. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function
The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones along the central axis of the human body. Primary function is protection. Of what? _________
The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones of the lower limbs and upper limbs. Primary function is locomotion.

4. State four types of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

5. Cont’d
Long: Typical bone type (ex. like a dog bone), long, straight + sometimes rounded ends Ex. Humerus, Femur, Radius, Ulna, Tibia, Fibula, etc..
Short; Very small bones in the hands and feet Ex. Carpal and Tarsal bones.
Irregular: Strange shape, doesn't really fit into another category Ex. temporal bone, skull bones with facial features, etc...
Flat: Protective bones that are smooth and flat -----Ex. Top of cranium, ribs, sternum, etc...

6. Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone
Must include the:
Epiphysis, spongy bone, articular cartilage, diaphysis, compact bone, bone marrow, marrow cavity, blood vessel, periosteum

7. Cont’d

8. Your turn – Draw one

9. Anatomical Terminology
**assume anatomical position:

10. Terminology A. Superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure
Example: The head is superior to the shoulders.
B. Inferior: away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure
Example: The intestines are inferior to the lungs
C. Anterior (also known as ventral): toward the front of the body
Example: The trachea is anterior to the esophagus.
D. Posterior (also known as dorsal): toward the back of the body
Example: The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.

11. Terminology continued
E. Medial: locating a structure nearer to the midline of the body, which divides the body into equal right and left halves.
Example: The ulna is medial to the radius.
F. Lateral: locating a structure further from the midline of the body
Example: The lungs are lateral to the heart.   
H. Proximal: nearer to the point of attachment of an appendage to the trunk of the body
Example: The knee is proximal to the shin.
I. Distal: farther from the point of attachment of an appendage to the trunk of the body
Example: The elbow is distal the shoulder.

12. Terminology cont’d
J. Superficial: toward or on the surface of the body
Example: The skin is superficial to the muscles.
K. Deep: away from the surface of the body.
Example: The ribs are deep to the skin

13. Using the skeleton below and the one in the classroom, properly use each of the following only:
Inferior, superior, proximal, distal, medial, lateral, posterior, anterior

14. Anatomical Planes
FRONTAL (or coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts
MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts
HORIZONTAL separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts
SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane
After

15. Anatomical Planes continued

16. Outline the function of connective tissue
What is connective tissue?
Connective tissue (CT) is a kind of biological tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body
All CT has three main components: cells, fibers, and extracellular matrices

17. Examples of connective tissue
Special connective - reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.
IB will limit CT to understanding the function of :
Ligaments – attach bone to bone
- Cartilage – articular cartilage/is a type of cartilage found on many joint surfaces (aka hyaline cartilage)
Tendons – attach muscle to bone

18. Define the term Joint
A joint occurs where two or more bones articulate
Types of joints:

20. Outline the features of a synovial joint
Must include articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus, and articular capsule

21. Hmwk Function of: Synovial Fluid – Bursae – Meniscus – Ligaments –
Joint (articular) capsule –

22. LIST the different types of synovial joints