I. The Growth of Industry (pages 383–385)

I. The Growth of Industry (pages 383–385)
Since colonial times, New Englanders lived & worked on farms. Difficult work Many Americans were self-sufficient, working in their homes to make cloth & most other goods.

Mid 1700s-British inventors made machines to do some of work in cloth making-like spinning. Installed machines in mills. Mills powered by waterpower- rivers Industrial Revolution was time when people began working in mills instead of at home. in U.S. began around 1800

Industrial Revolution depended on New technology (scientific discoveries that simplify work) Britain developed new machines for spinning cotton into yarn & weaving cloth. As a result, Britain sold cheapest cloth/thread. (Cloth/thread called textiles) It was illegal for cotton spinning machines or their plans to leave Britain.

Spinning Jenny-spins several threads at once Spinning wheel- 1 thread at a time Water frame-held 100 spindles of thread (powered by water) Power loom- could produce 200x more cloth than before

Britain was very protective over their biz advantage Made it illegal for machinery, skilled mechanics or even plans to leave Britain. Some enterprising workers left Britain for US, even though British tried to keep them Samuel Slater opened cotton mill in RI after copying British designs.

New England possessed many requirements for industrial growth. Poor soil/farming hard work- people willing to leave farming Many rivers Close to coal/iron- PA Many ports- importing of cotton/shipping of goods

Industrial growth needs govt. that allows competition & interferes as little as possible Capitalism, economic system of US, allows people to put capital ($) into biz in hopes of making profit. Free enterprise is system where people are free to buy, sell, & produce whatever they want. Workers can work wherever they wish, & biz can compete w/ other biz. Major elements are: competition, profit, private property, economic freedom

Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, simple machine that quickly & efficiently removed seeds from cotton fiber. He received patent for his invention (patent gives inventor sole legal right to invention & its profits for certain period of time.)

The Importance of Cotton Gin
By using cotton gin, one person could clean as much as 50 people working by hand! Because cotton could be cleaned faster more cloth could be produced. Eventually led to more slaves

Francis Cabot Lowell opened textile mill in MA All steps of cloth making performed under 1 roof Factory system, system of bringing manufacturing steps together in 1 place to increase efficiency. Techniques later applied to other products (lumber, shoes…)

“Lowell Girls” & children worked in power loom factory. Worked 12 to 14 hours/day-6 days/wk. Earned $3/wk for 70 hours work Made less than men Communities would be built around factories Boarding houses Strict rules- 10 bedtime, must attend church on Sunday, no gambling, no drinking

Eli Whitney also started use of interchangeable parts, identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make complete product. Less skilled worker Mass production Cheaper Made repair easier Made muskets he sold to govt. Eli Whitney

II. A Changing Economy (pages 386–387)
1820s, < 65% of Americans were farmers. In Northeast, farms tended to be small & products were sold locally. In South, cotton production ↑ because of textile industries in New England & Europe. (1790-3,000 bales/ ,000 bales!) Cotton gin enabled planters to raise even larger crops. Larger crops = more slaves

Western farmers north of OH River concentrated on raising pork & cash crops such as corn & wheat. Southern farmers also expanded west to plant cotton- more land.

Small investors financed most new industries. Merchants, shopkeepers, farmers All hoping to make $ on their investment Low taxes, few govt. regulations & competition encouraged investors

Cities & towns grew w/ growth of new industry. From the amount of people choosing to live in cities more than doubled New cities began on rivers & streams- waterpower & transportation Cincinnati, Pittsburgh & Louisville Old cities (NY, Boston, Baltimore…) became trade centers.

Cities looked different from those of today. Buildings- wood or brick Streets & sidewalks unpaved No sewers- waste, dirty water spread diseases Cholera Yellow fever Fires Wood houses Closer together Often no organized fire depts.

Cities have advantages too- outweigh dangers for some Variety of jobs Steady wages More culture opportunities Libraries Museums Entertainment Shops

Estab. national bank to promote single currency, making trade easier.
I. Moving West (pages 389–390) In 1820s Congressman Henry Clay of KY prepared plan called The American System Included building canals & roads to link different regions of country. Plan had 3 main points: Estab. protective tariff to protect US businesses from foreign competition. Estab. national bank to promote single currency, making trade easier. Improvecountry’s transportation systems, making trade easier & faster for everyone.

1st census- official count of population- in 1790 revealed:
I. Moving West (pages 389–390) 1st census- official count of population- in revealed: almost 4 million people lived in US most lived east of Appalachian Mtns. (this changed as more people began moving west). 1820 census Approx. 10 million people lived in US 2 million west of Appalachians (Trip west is difficult)

Difficulties in transportation
• Roads were either difficult or non-existent (muddy, not paved, rocky, narrow…) • Traveling by land was very slow • River travel could take a long time; a trip downstream from Pittsburgh to New Orleans took 6 wks, but trip back took 17!! • Going upstream needed paddles, poles & sometimes ropes along shore pulling boat

The nation needed good inland roads
I. Moving West (pages 389–390) The nation needed good inland roads Travel Shipment of goods Turnpikes- private companies would pave roads w/ gravel & stone, then put up obstacles that people would have to pay to have moved so they could continue using road Corduroy roads- logs were laid down in swampy/muddy areas to travel over (bumpy but you wouldn’t sink)

I. Moving West (pages 389–390) Boonsborough Turnpike Rd- Maryland

Covered wooden bridges- stone bridges were expensive and wooden bridges rotted away quickly so people came up with covered bridges to protect from the elements

Congress approved a National Road to West in 1806.
I. Moving West (pages 389–390) Congress approved a National Road to West in 1806. OH had asked for road to link it to East 1811 National Road was started-finished 1818 ran from MD to western VA 1st time govt. $ was set aside by Congress for national road Later extended to IL

I. Moving West (pages 389–390) River travel was easier/more comfortable than travel by horse & wagon but could not provide adequate east-west travel Most rivers N/S was very slow traveling upstream.

Flat-bottomed boats designed to travel downriver.
Some had no enclosure, while more refined ones came complete w/ neat bedchambers & fireplaces. They ranged from 8-20 ft wide & could be ft long. Their advantage was being able to float in shallow waters. Pioneers would often break the boat down after travel to build their homes.

1807, Robert Fulton developed steamboat w/ powerful engine.
I. Moving West (pages 389–390) 1807, Robert Fulton developed steamboat w/ powerful engine. The Clermont was built to carry cargo & passengers up Hudson R. from NYC to Albany, NY. Trip took 32 hrs instead of 4 days! Steamboats made transportation of goods cheaper since it was so much faster By 1850 more than 700 steamboats

Steamboats carried passengers & goods
Steamboat was cheap, fast means of transportation Henry Shreve designed flat-bottomed steamboat that would not get stuck in shallow waters Steamboat travel could be dangerous; from steamboats collided, 166 burned & more than 200 exploded

Water travel still depended on existing lakes/rivers
II. Canals (pages 392–393) Water travel still depended on existing lakes/rivers NY business & govt officials came up w/ plan to link NYC w/Great Lakes region: build canal (artificial waterway) across NY linking Albany on Hudson R. to Buffalo on Lake Erie. Thousands of laborers, many of them Irish immigrants, worked on Erie Canal.

Erie Canal

II. Canals (pages 392–393) Along canal, workers built series of locks- separate compartments where water levels were raised or lowered. Erie Canal opened in after 2 yrs of digging.

Steamboats were not allowed on canal in early yrs
II. Canals (pages 392–393) Steamboats were not allowed on canal in early yrs barges were pulled by 2-horse teams. Success of canal led to boom in canal building. By 1850, US had more than 3,600 mi. of canals. United country Created opportunities for new businesses to supply food, shelter, & other necessities to workers & travelers. Towns along canals prospered.

III. Western Settlement (pages 393–394)
Western migration led to admission of new states to union. 1st wave , 4 new states (VT, KY, TN, and OH) were admitted to US. 2nd wave more (IN, IL, MS, AL, & MO) were admitted.

At 1st pioneer families settled along great rivers, so that they could ship their crops to market. After canals they could settle further out Pioneer homes (homesteads) were often 3- sided shacks or log cabins w/ dirt floors & no windows or doors.

Pioneers gathered for social events. Men took part in sports Women met for quilting & sewing parties. Both men & women participated in cornhusking. Not glamorous or exciting like city life Pioneers moved west for more opportunities for themselves & family

US was strongly linked w/ transportation improvements Goods, food, news all made their way around country Congress established home delivery of letters in 1825 In 1847 Congress created 1st national postage stamps.

I. Northern Factories (pages 396–397)
Btwn , more of nation’s manufacturing moved from homes to factories. Not only textile- factory system also used to manufacture shoes, watches, guns, sewing machines… Working conditions in factories worsened as factory system developed. Most factory workers avg hrs/day, On-the-job accidents were common. No laws existed to protect workers from poor working conditions.

Poor treatment by employers- oversupply of workers
Dangerous conditions No safety devices Little ventilation- in summer really hot No heating- in winter really cold- many got sick Poor treatment by employers- oversupply of workers Larger- less humane Lower wages Injured workers lost job

Workers began organizing to improve working conditions, forming trade unions- org. of workers w/ same trade, or skill. In 1830s, skilled workers in NYC staged series of strikes, refusing to work to put pressure on employers to give workers higher wages & limited work hours.

Workers Unite! Strikes were illegal at time & strikers faced fines or jail time, leaders were sometimes fired Unions make slow progress 1840 new law stating work day no longer than 10 hrs. for gov’t employees- unions asked for same & got it 1842 MA court found workers had right to strike Artisans (skilled workers) were more successful than unskilled workers

Slavery had largely disappeared in North by 1820 Racial prejudice & discrimination remained. Most communities did not allow free African Americans to attend public schools. Most states didn’t allow to vote Often not hired Free Af. Americans segregated in public facilities, such as hospitals & schools.

Despite the discrimination and prejudice some Af. Americans still managed to thrive: Henry Boyd owned furniture co. in OH. Samuel Cornish & John B. Russwurm founded the Freedom Journal, 1st African American newspaper. John B. Russwurm graduated from college Macon Allen- 1st Af. Am. licensed to practice law John Jones- ran tailoring business & worked to stop segregation in public schools & change laws

Women had a hard time in workplace Employers discriminated against them, paid lower wages. Unions excluded women Many men believed women should stay at home- raise wages for men so wives could stay home Men wanted women out of workplace to make more jobs for men.

Sarah G. Bagley founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization (Remember “Lowell Girls”) Asked state legislature for 10-hr workday Women could not vote so didn’t have much influence w/lawmakers

II. The Rise of Cities (pages 398–401)
The growth of factories helped Northern cities grow. largest cities: NY City pop. 1 mill; Philadelphia pop. more than 500,000 Former villages became big cities because of location on rivers (Cincinnati, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Louisville) After 1830 Great Lake cities become centers of trade (Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee) Immigration increased btwn Factory owners welcomed immigrants- willing to work for low pay.

Largest group of immigrants-Ireland btwn after potato famine Black rot destroyed potato crops in 1840s. Btw million Irish came to US- esp. Boston & NY lived in neighborhoods together Irish immigrants had been farmers but took jobs: in factories as house servants performing manual labor working on railroads digging canals

2nd-largest group of immigrants came from Germany btwn In 1848 Germany had failed revolution- many of revolutionaries had to flee for their lives Others came for chance at better life Over 1 million came to US during 1850s Many had $ to move here & were artisans- flourished opened their own businesses bought farms settled mainly in NY, PA, & Midwest

Immigrants brought w/them their own: Languages Customs German Christmas tree decorating Clothing Religions Catholic (almost all Irish and ½ German) Ways of life Irish especially lived in neighborhoods- often slums

Some Americans feared immigrants were changing nation for worse. Blamed immigrants for Crime Stealing jobs-by working for lower pay Bringing disease People opposed to immigration- nativists. Wanted America for native-born whites

Because many immigrants were Catholic, nativists formed secret anti-Catholic societies Also formed new political party- American Party. Their party became known as “Know-Nothing” because of their common response Party- won some elections but died out fairly quick Wanted to: Limit immigration into US Raise waiting period to vote from 5 to 21! Make it illegal for immigrants to hold office The party split in 1850s over issue of slavery.

I. The Reforming Spirit (page 403)
People who led reform movement believed nation’s ideals of liberty & equality should extend to all Americans. Reformers sought to improve society by forming utopias, communities based on vision of perfect society. Some tried to create Lasted short time

A wave of religious fervor known as 2nd Great Awakening began in early 1800s Held revivals, or frontier camp meetings. People traveled for miles to hear preachers & pray, sing, & shout. Finney was leader of 2nd Great Awakening Powerful speaker who inspired many Wrote articles giving tips on effective preaching Strongly believed in complete reformation of whole world- starting w/self

Religious leaders preached against alcohol Reformers blamed alcohol for poverty, crime, & insanity. They called for temperance, drinking little or no alcohol. Soon states began passing laws to ban manufacture & sale of alcohol.

Not only men were abusing alcohol but women & children as well- sold in candy stores & barber shops
“Demon rum” could lead to abuse & desertion of families Maine & 8 other states passed laws to ban alcohol

II. Reforming Education (page 405)
In early 1800s, many reformers began pushing for system of public education. Pre-1820 there were very few schools In 1820s NY ordered every town to build school- other northern states followed School ended in 8th for most- very few public high schools

Horace Mann, lawyer who became head of MA Board of Education, was leader in educational reform. Better teachers (higher pay) More gov’t funding to build more schools Longer school year MA founded 1st normal school, school for training high-school graduates to become teachers.

New colleges were created during age of reform Many religious colleges established Trinity Wesleyan Most admitted only men. African Americans & women began to have some access to higher education. 1833 Oberlin College of OH was coeducational and accepted Af. Americans

A few northern cities set up separate schools for black students- had little funding Prudence Crandall set up school for Af.American girls in CT Public outraged & hostile Jailed Prudence 3x Finally destroyed school Some Af. Americans did attend private colleges Some colleges specifically for Af. Americans founded 1854- Ashmun Institute PA- 1st college for Af. Americans

Most women received limited education. Daughters were kept from school & taught to be good mothers & wives. 1837 Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke in MA - 1st permanent women’s college When girls did go to school, they often studied music or needlework Math, science & history were considered “boys’ subjects”.

Thomas Gallaudet developed method to educate people who were hearing impaired. Opened Hartford School for the Deaf in 1817. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe developed books w/ raised letters that people w/ visual impairments could read w/ their fingers.

Dorothea Dix Ministers called for helping “outsiders” in society- criminals & mentally ill Dorothea visited a prison- shocked to find innocent mentally ill women there She was so shocked w/ mistreatment she decided to fight for rights of insane She visited every jail, poorhouse & hospital in MA & got lawmakers to change policies- she then moved on to other states & did same

Prisons were fairly new to U.S.
Previously serious offenses had been punished by death Less serious offenders received some sort of physical punishment Jails housed men, women & children Poor conditions Corrupt 4 out of 5 were debtors not criminals Eventually jails were not used for debtors & system became more humane

III. Cultural Trends (pages 406–407)
Transcendentalists-writers & thinkers who stressed relationship btwn humans & nature. Believed most important truths in life went over or “transcended” human reason Emotions over reason Every person had control over his/her life Many were social reformers Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Margaret Fuller- voiced her support for women’s rights in her writing.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
A major American poet, philosopher, lecturer & center of American Transcendental movement. Big fan of nature Anti-material wealth Each person has “inner light” (conscience/intuition)

Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
Essayist, poet & philosopher Good friend of Emerson Best-known for his autobiographical story of year alone in woods, Walden (1854). Anti growth of cities His "Civil Disobedience" (1849) influenced Gandhi & Martin Luther King Jr. Believed in marching to beat of “different drummer”

Henry David Thoreau- writer who represented new spirit of reform in America. Jailed rather than pay tax Anti Mexican War

Walt Whitman wrote about nature, common people, & American democracy in his volume of poetry called Leaves of Grass. Emily Dickinson, best-remembered woman poet of era, wrote simple, personal, deeply emotional poetry.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (ch. 12) wrote best- selling novel called Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This work explored injustice of slavery. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote narrative, or story, poems about American subjects. America’s favorite poet of day; “Paul Revere’s Ride”, “Hiawatha”

Rights of Women in Mid 1800s Could not vote Could not hold office
After marriage husband became owner of all woman’s property If woman had job- $ belonged to husband Husbands could legally hit wives!

Hey, I Don’t Have Those Rights!
Female abolitionists began to realize they didn’t have rights they wanted African Am. to have! Woman active in both abolitionist & women’s rights movement: Sojourner Truth Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Grimke sisters

“Ain’t I a woman?” -Sojourner Truth, 1851
“That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody helps me any best place. And ain’t I a woman?…If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back and get it right-side up again. And now that they are asking to do it the men better let them.”

I. Women and Reform (pages 409–410)
Lucretia Mott – Quaker who lectured for Peace Temperance Workers’ rights Abolition founded Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 She also helped fugitive slaves

Elizabeth Cady Stanton- very intelligent, daughter of NY judge Abolitionist Active in temperance movement Women’s rights Husband and brother were also active

Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton met at World Antislavery Convention in London Ironically not allowed to participate because they were women Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped organize 1st women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY

Seneca Falls Convention issued Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions Declared that all men & women were equal Called for end to discrimination against women Demanded women’s suffrage, right to vote.

Obstacles Women Faced Tradition - people believed woman’s role was in home taking care of family. Women - many women felt new freedoms also meant new responsibilities. Laws - many laws limited & restricted opportunities open to women. Religion – Many organized religions viewed women as subservient to men.

Women’s dress Amelia Bloomer advocated wearing of “bloomer costume”
In May of 1851 Amelia Bloomer introduced Susan B. Anthony to Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Stanton said, "I liked her immediately and why I did not invite her home to dinner with me I do not know."

Ted Aub sculpted life-sized bronze figures "When Anthony Met Stanton“
Ted Aub sculpted life-sized bronze figures "When Anthony Met Stanton“. As in real-life, Bloomer & Stanton are wearing "Bloomer Costume" which bloomer publicized in "The Lily."

Corsets & long skirts Corsets a.k.a. “tightlacers”
Reformers supported looser garment- bloomers

1800s women’s rights movement grew Susan B. Anthony called for: = pay College training for girls Coeducation- teaching boys & girls together. Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton led women’s rights movement.

II. Progress by American Women (pages 411–413)
Industrial Revolution began to change economic roles of men & women (esp. in North). Men took care of work outside home Women took care of home & family Outside world too dangerous Woman’s role in home Better religious role models Magazine articles and novels supported view of women staying at home

Education reform leaders began to call for more educational opportunities for women. Emma Willard estab. Troy Female Seminary in NY Taught girls “boys’ subjects” Mary Lyon estab. Mt Holyoke Female Seminary in MA Some male colleges began admitting women

During 1800s women made some gains in area of marriage & property laws. Some states: Allowed women to own property To share guardianship of their children jointly w/their husbands To divorce their husbands if they abused alcohol.

Women began entering fields such as medicine & ministry in 1800s. Elizabeth Blackwell attended medical school graduated 1st in class earned medical degree & became successful doctor set up medical school for women

Milestones in Women’s History
Seneca Fall Convention st woman ordained as minister in Protestant church st woman on record to keep her name after marriage U. of IA 1st state school to admit women st woman suffrage law in U.S. passed st time for women to serve on juries st state to admit woman to bar (IA)

1872 - 1st women to register to vote in prez. election
st women’s college founded- Smith’s st woman allowed to present to Supreme Court st woman elected to US congress (MT) th Amend. gives women the vote in US st woman elected gov. of state (WY) st woman elected US senator st battered women’s shelter opened (IL) st time U.S. military is integrated (women-only branches are eliminated) st woman on Supreme Court- Sandra Day O’Connor

States Ratifying the 19th Amendment
In 1919, there were 48 state in USA. To get required 3/4th majority for ratification, 19th Amendment needed approval of at least 36 states.

NY WI MA MI PA OH IL KS TX June 1919

IA MO AK July 1919

MT NE August 1919

MN NH September 1919

UT October 1919

CA November 1919

SD WI December 1919

OR RI IN KY January 1920

ID NV NJ AZ NM OK February 1920

WA WV March 1920

TN August 1920

States which did not vote on the 19th Amendment
Did not vote on 19th Amendment

Were not states in 1919-20, accepted the 19th Amendment when admitted as states

I. The Growth of Industry (pages 383–385)

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I. The Growth of Industry (pages 383–385)

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