1. Ch 1 Grammar Review
El 4/5 de octubre del 2011

2. Chapter 1 Grammar Review
Notes
You will copy the following notes on page 53 of your INB.
The title for this section will be:
Chapter 1 Grammar Review
If you run out of room, get a loose leaf-paper and continue your notes there.

3. Same form for masculine and feminine
Adjectives 53
Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
masculine adjectives end in -o or -r
feminine adjectives end in -a or -ra
Other adjectives end in -e or other consonants for both masculine and feminine.
To make an adjective plural, add -s to a vowel or -es to a consonant.
Masculine
Feminine
-o changes to -a
Bueno(s)
Buena(s)
Same form for masculine and feminine
Grande(s)
Intelectual(es)

4. Ser (to be) 53
yo soy- I am nosotros somos- we are tú eres- you are vosotros sois- you are él es – he is ellos son- they are ella es-she is ellas son- they are usted es- you are ustedes son- you are
ser (to be)
soy
somos
eres
sois es
son

5. D- day and date Hoy es el 30 de agosto. O- occupation Soy profesor. 53
D- day and date Hoy es el 30 de agosto.
O- occupation Soy profesor.
C- characteristic Soy baja y rubia.
T- time Son las dos.
O- origin Ella es de Chile.
R- relationship Jorge es mi primo.
&
M- material La mesa es de madera.
R- religion Mi abuelo es judío.
E - event location La fiesta es en el gimnasio.

6. Gustar Gustar is used to say what you like.53
Gustar is used to say what you like.
Gustar is a verb, but it does not behave like regular verbs. How does it work?
Only two forms:
gusta (used with verb infinitives & singular things)
gustan (used with plural things)
Has special pronouns: me
nos te os le
les

7. Gustar If you need to clarify or emphasize who likes something: 53
A mí
A ti
A él
A ella
A usted me te le A A
A ellos
A ellas
A ustedes
nos os
les
A Juan le gusta la pizza y
a Rosa le gusta la comida china.
A mis hermanos les gusta cantar, pero a mis hermanas les gusta bailar.

8. Regular Verbs Verb infinitives in Spanish end in -ar, -er, or -ir.53
Verb infinitives in Spanish end in -ar, -er, or -ir.
hablar beber abrir
Infinitive means that the verb is not conjugated.
Conjugation is the way you change a verb to use it with specific subjects (people/things).
Regular verbs are conjugated in predictable ways.

9. Spanish subject pronouns53
Spanish subject pronouns yo tú
él, ella, usted
ellos, ellas, ustedes
Regular Verb Endings
-ar verbs -o
-amos
-as
-aís -a
-an
-er verbs -o
-emos
-es
-eís -e
-en
-ir verbs -o
-imos
-es
-ís -e
-en
Steps to conjugate: (1) drop the ending, (2) identify the subject, (3) choose the correct ending!

10. Stem-Changing Verbs When you conjugate, the stem is…53
When you conjugate, the stem is…
what’s left after you drop the –ar, -er, or -ir
How can you tell if a verb is a stem changer?
You just have to memorize it!
The stem change occurs in all forms except…
the and form.
In Spanish there are four groups of stem-changing verbs:
eie ei
oue uue

11. Verbs with Irregular Yo Forms53
salir (to go out)
salgo
salimos
sales
salís
sale
salen
saber (to know information) sé
sabemos
sabes
sabeís
sabe
saben
hacer (to do, to make)
hago
hacemos
haces
haceís
hace
hacen
traer (to bring)
traigo
traemos
traes
traeís
trae
traen
poner (to put)
pongo
ponemos
pones
poneís
pone
ponen
ver (to watch/to see)
veo
vemos
ves
veís ve
ven

12. Verbs with Irregular Yo Forms53
Some verbs have irregular yo forms and are also irregular in other ways.
Tener, venir, and decir are also stem-changers:
tener (to have) eie
tengo
tenemos
tienes
teneís
tiene
tienen
venir (to come) eie
vengo
venimos
vienes
venís
viene
vienen
decir (to say/to tell) ei
digo
decimos
dices
decís
dice
dicen

13. Reflexive Verbs! 53
When the doer and the receiver of an action are the same person, you use a reflexive verb.
Example: I wash my hands. 
Reflexive verbs use their own special kind of pronouns, reflexive pronouns.
These can replace or be used with subject pronouns. Either way, you have to use the reflexive pronoun with a reflexive verb. me
nos te os se
lavarse (to wash)
Yo me lavo
nos lavamos
Tú te lavas
os lavaís
Usted se lava
Él se lava
Ella se lava
Ustedes se lavan
Ellos se lavan
Ellas se lavan
Me lavo las manos.

14. Reflexive Verbs: How to conjugate53
Choose the pronoun (based on the subject)
Conjugate the verb (based on the subject)
Drop the –ar, -er, or –ir
Add your ending depending on who the subject is Yo Me
Nos Tú Te Os
Él/Ella/Usted Se
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
-ar verbs
-er verbs
-ir verbs -o
-amos
-as
-aís -a
-an -o
-emos
-es
-eís -e
-en -o
-imos
-es
-ís -e
-en 1.
2.a.
2.b.
I want to say “I bathe” in Spanish bañarse me bañar me bañ___me baño

15. 53
Tener (to have)
tengo
tenemos
tienes
tenéis
tiene
tienen

16. Tener Idioms 53
In Spanish there are many idioms or expressions that start with the verb tener.
tener…años
tener calor
tener ganas de + infinitive
tener suerte
tener éxito
tener razón
tener cuidado
tener hambre
tener sed
tener frío
tener sueño
tener prisa
tener que + infinitive
¡Ojo!
In English, many of these expressions use verbs other than “to have” in English.

17. ir (to go) voy vamos vas vaís va van53
ir (to go)
voy
vamos
vas
vaís va
van
To say you are going to a place, you have to use a
Voy a la biblioteca.
Ella va al parque.

18. The Simple Future: Ir a + infinitive53
The simple future is how you say what you are going to do in the future.
To form the simple future, use…
A form of ir (depending on the subject):
Infinitive
of a
verb
ir (to go)
voy
vamos
vas
vaís va
van
Such as a
hablar
vivir
estudiar
comer
escribir
patinar
correr

19. Present Progressive estar + -ando/-iendo53
In Spanish, the present Progressive is formed by using a conjugated form of estar followed by the present participle.
The present participles in Spanish are:
estar + -ando/-iendo
Present Participles
-ar
-er
-ir
-ando
-iendo

20. Direct Objects & Direct Object Pronouns53
Verbs can be followed by direct objects, the person or thing receiving the action of the verb.
Rafaela pone la mesa.
Rafaela sets the table.
Siempre pido la sopa.
I always order soup.
A direct object can be a noun or a pronoun.

21. Direct Objects & Direct Object Pronouns53
Use direct object pronouns to avoid repeating nouns that have already been mentioned. These pronouns must agree with the nouns they stand for.
¿Quién va a pedir el flan? -Yo lo voy a pedir.
Who is going to order flan? -I am going to order it.
Masculine
Feminine
Singular
lo him/it
la her/it
Plural
los them
las them

22. Direct Objects & Direct Object Pronouns53
Direct object pronouns go before the conjugated verb.
¿Quién prepara los sándwiches? Yo los preparo.
If there is an infinitive in the sentence, the pronouns go
before the conjugated verb OR
are attached to the end of the infinitive.
¿Quién va a preparar la cena? Mi padre la va a preparar.
Mi padre va a prepararla.

23. Commands 53
A command tells a person or group of people what to do or what not to do.
An affirmative command tells someone what to do.
An informal (or tú) command is used when you
are talking to one person AND
you would normally address him/her with tú

24. Forming commands To form an affirmative tú command:53
To form an affirmative tú command:
Conjugate the verb in the tú form and
Drop the “s”
bailar - to dance
Bailas. - You dance.
¡Baila! - Dance!

25. An easy way to remember is…53
Vin Diesel has ten weapons.
Yo, I got ten weapons.
Venir  ven (come)
Decir  di (say/tell)
Salir  sal (leave)
Hacer  haz (make)
Tener  ten (have)
Ir  ve (go)
Poner  pon (put)
Ser  sé (be)

26. To form a negative tú command…53
Negative Command Rap –
Put it in the “yo” form,
Drop the “-o,”
Add the opposite ending,
And your ready to go.

27. Irregular Negative Tú Command53
These irregulars are different
Ser  no seas (Don’t be!)
Ir  no vayas (Don’t go!)
Dar  no des (Don’t give!)
Estar  no estés (Don’t be!)
Saber  no sepas (Don’t know!*)
Think SIDES

28. Spelling changes 53
Verbs that end in -car , -gar or -zar have a spelling change in the negative tú command.
Can you figure out why?

29. Pronounce the following words to yourself53
calor
cena
queque
calor (k) vs. cena (s) vs. queque (k)
so c qu
This change happens in the NEGATIVE tú command for verbs that end in –car
Sacar  no saques la basura (Don’t take out the trash!)
Why only in the negative tú command?

30. Pronounce the following words to yourself53
gato gente Aguilar gato (g) vs. gente (h) vs. Aguilar (g) so g gu No pagar  no pagues (Don’t pay!) Again this happens in the negative (not affirmative) tú command.

31. For verbs that end in –zar z c53
For verbs that end in –zar
z c
No empezar  no empieces (Don’t start!)

32. Writing Activity – INB pg 52
Write a letter to a friend who moved to another city a few years ago. Describe a new friend you made by giving two physical characteristics and two personality traits. Also, tell two things that your friend does every morning and two things that you and your new friend like to do on the weekends.