1. Reform Movements 1800-1850 Crusade for individual improvement
Women prominent in reform movements
Turn to government for change

2. Religion Second Great Awakening begin in the West in 1800
Baptists, Presbyterians and Methodists all sent clergymen west
1821 Charles G Finney became “father of modern revivalism” in New York—preached fear of damnation and New York becomes know as the “burned over district”
Peter Cartwright –circuit preacher—camp meetings-10,000 to 25,000 were the largest

3. New Religious Groups
Mormons—founded by Joseph Smith in Western New York in 1830
Originally known as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
They had to flee persecution in Ohio
Missouri and Illinois –Smith was
Murdered in Illinois

4. Brigham Young
Young become the leader and leads the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah

5. Salt Lake Valley
Through the church, Young directed political decision making, economic development, cultural affairs, law enforcement and education.
He financed wagon trains in order to promote emigration.
In 1851 Utah became a territory and Young became governor
1852 –announcement that polygamy was a basic tenet of the church
Buchanan’s Mormon War—also known as Buchanan’s Blunder--war in name only

6. Shakers Largest and most permanent of the utopian experiments
United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing,
Largest and most permanent of the utopian experiments
Founded by Ann Lee—in an off shoot of the Quakers

7. More Shakers
Bedroom Known for furniture

8. The Last Ones Standing
Only four Shakers are left in the world, all living in southern Maine. But if they can't attract converts to their celibate lifestyle and this really is the end for them, they have a plan to ensure that their legacy lives on forever. 2006

9. Shaker Work Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.
When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

10. Other Utopian Groups
New Harmony 1825-Robert Owen financial disagreements. Because they lacked the strong central belief which served to unite other utopian groups, the members of the community were lacking the commitment to carry out the mission that Owen envisioned. New Harmony dissolved in less than three years
Oneida-John Humphrey Noyes-flatware-complex marriage ideas
Brook Farm-George Riley—rejected materialism—members included Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller

11. Brook Farm
Hawthorne Ripley Fuller Emerson
Thoreau

12. The Hive Home to the Transcendentalists 1841-1847
A bad fire and heavy debts forced them to end experiment.

13. Temperance
Consumption of alcohol was very prevalent in the early 19th century
Temperance movement had a strong religious basis—selling of alcohol was seen as violation of the Sabbath
It was seen as a destroyer of families
Ten Nights in a Barroom (1853) by Timothy Say Arthur dramatized the evils of drinking
Popular song “Father, dear father come home with me now”

14. More Temperance
The American Society for the Promotion of Temperance (1826) pledge of abstinence
Children enlisted in the Cold Water Army
Maine Laws prohibited the sale and manufacture of liquor—promoted by Neal Dow “Father of Prohibition

15. Education Compulsory education in every state by 1860
Horace Mann worked toward reform in education in Massachusetts
As Sec of State Board of Education he pushed for: teacher training institutions,increased salaries, founded 50 new high schools,
month school year
Other states followed

16. More Education
Noah Webster’s Spellers and grammar books were widely used
William Holmes McGuffey readers that contained lessons of morality—most popular textbooks in the United States

17. Women’s Rights No Property Rights—little education
Catherine Beecher established academies for young women: Treatise on Domestic
Economy -became the standard for housekeeping and child-rearing

18. More Women’s History
Oberlin College in Ohio-1833-first college to admit women
Mount Holyoke in Massachusetts first women’s college with a curriculum comparable to those of men’s school
Vassar opened in 1865

19. Grimke Sisters
Fought for abolition and women’s rights

20. More Sisters Goal:To Strengthen the Legal Position of Women
Daughters of a prominent South Carolina plantation owner
Angelina Grimke was the first woman to address a legislative body in the United States
The Grimke sisters were the first women to speak to audiences of both women and men
Angelina “it is a woman’s right to have a voice in all laws and regulations by which she is governed, whether in church or state”
Sarah “Letters on the Condition of Women and Equality of the Sexes”

21. Seneca Falls Convention
Major meeting of the women crusade in 1848 led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

22. More Seneca Falls 250 met and issued the:
Declarations of Rights and Sentiments
Demands-control of earnings-guardianship of children-equal education –right to easier divorces—the ballot.
Soon Stanton met Susan B, Anthony—worked for women’s rights.

23. More Women’s Rights
1849-Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery-Underground railroad
1850 Amelia Jenks Bloomer launches the dress reform movement with a costume that bears her name

24. Abolitionism First founded in 1776 by Quakers
American Colonization Society founded in 1816—emancipated and settle the former slaves in Monrovia, Liberia—not all that successful—only about 12,00 left
Elijah Lovejoy murdered in Illinois

25. William Lloyd Garrison
Founded and published The Liberator—anti-slavery newspaper for 35 years.
His outspoken views caused for be imprisoned for libel
The State of Georgia offered a reward of $5,000 dollars for his arrest.
He received numerous death threats

26. Garrison He demanded immediate and uncompensated emancipation
He founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832 and a year later the American Anti-Slavery Society
Quote:”On this subject, I do not wish to think, to speak, or write with moderation, I will not retreat a single inch—And I will be head.”

28. Theodore Weld
Weld worked for gradual emancipation—used Oberlin College as a training ground
He was a Minster
By 1840—2000 local antislavery societies
Other famous name Frederick Douglas
North Star
Harriet Tubman- Underground Railroad

29. Sojourner Truth
In December of 1851, former slave Sojourner Truth delivered he “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech before a spellbound audience at a women’s rights convention in Akron, Ohio.

30. Sojourner Truth (1797-1883): Ain't I A Woman
Sojourner Truth ( ): Ain't I A Woman? Delivered 1851 Women's Convention, Akron, Ohio
Well, children, where there is so much racket there must be something out of kilter. I think that 'twixt the negroes of the South and the women at the North, all talking about rights, the white men will be in a fix pretty soon. But what's all this here talking about?
That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?

32. Abolition and Congress
Abolitionist deluged Congress with petitions—gag rule of 1838—it forbid the discussion of slavery in Congress—it was found by John Quincy Adams
President Jackson attacked abolitionists as fanatic's intent on instigating a slave insurrection.
Abolitions were denied the used of the mails to distribute their materials

33. Dorothea Dix

34. Hudson River School First Coherent school of American Art
Thomas Cole :The Oxbow

35. More Thomas Cole Celebrated Majestic Natural Resources

36. Dawn of Morning by Jasper Francis Cropsey

37. Kindred Spirits by Asher B. Durand