1. Ex. 16 – Take-off
Ex Take-off

2. OBJECTIVE
What you will learn:
How to perform safe and precise take-offs, accounting for:
your aircraft’s performance characteristics
wind
temperature, altitude, humidity
obstacles.
Ex Take-off

3. MOTIVATION
Why learn this:
A take-off may seem like a simple manoeuvre, but it’s a critical phase of flight:
you are low
you are slow
you are often heading towards obstacles or an airplane-unfriendly surface (e.g., water).
It’s very important to consider all factors that may affect your take-off and take them into account.
Ex Take-off

4. Links: You have already performed take-offs
You have studied and performed climbs and climbing turns
You have been controlling yaw on every flight
You have practiced recognition of approach of unusual flight regimes (slow flight, stalls, spins, spirals) and how to take corrective action before an emergency situation develops
You have experienced illusions created by drift and learned how to prevent them from influencing you.
Ex Take-off

5. Let’s see how much you already know:
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE - TKT
Let’s see how much you already know:
How are the controls positioned when taxiing in a quartering headwind?
What is the procedure for entering and holding a climb?
What is best angle of climb and when would you use it?
What is best rate of climb and when would you use it?
What are the “three deadly h’s” that lower air density and impact your airplane’s climb performance?
What other factors can affect climb performance?
What are the four ways the propeller may induce yaw?
Ex Take-off

6. Theories and Definitions:
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Theories and Definitions:
Take-off Performance, Effects of:
Head/Tail Wind
Density Altitude
POH
Koch Chart
“rule of thumb”
Crosswind
Propeller-induced Yaw.
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7. Take-off Performance SAMPLE! THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Where can we find out the take-off performance figures for our airplane?
How long are the runways at our airport?
Do we need to use the short-field technique?
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8. Take-off Performance: Head/Tail Wind
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Take-off Performance: Head/Tail Wind
Headwind
Tailwind
Ground Run
shorter
longer
Where can we find out the effect of head/tail wind on take-off performance?
Ground Speed before Take-off
lower
higher (strain on landing gear)
Climb Angle
steeper
shallower
Directional Control
better
worse (weathercocking)
TAILWIND
HEADWIND 07 25
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9. Effect of Head/Tail Wind: POH
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Effect of Head/Tail Wind: POH
SAMPLE!
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10. Take-off Performance: Density Altitude
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Take-off Performance: Density Altitude
The 3 Deadly H’s
What effect to they have on air density?
HEIGHT
HEAT
HUMIDITY
What effect does low air density have on climb performance?
low altitude,
cold dry day
high altitude,
hot humid day
Where can we find out the effect of density altitude on take-off performance? 07 25
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11. Effect of Density Altitude: POH
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Effect of Density Altitude: POH
SAMPLE!
What is PRESS ALT FT and how is it determined?
When altimeter setting for CYTZ is 29.79, what is the pressure altitude?
When altimeter setting for CYTZ is 30.05, what is the pressure altitude?
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12. Effect of Density Altitude: Koch Chart
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Effect of Density Altitude: Koch Chart
Taking off at Muskoka
Temperature +35oC
Altimeter Setting: 29.38
What is your density altitude? How will it affect your take-off distance?
Taking off at Muskoka
Temperature +10oC
Altimeter Setting: 30.02
What is your density altitude?
Suppose your normal take-off distance at standard temperature and pressure is 1000 feet.
What will be your take-off distance at
* 30oC
* 2300’ aerodrome elevation
* altimeter setting 29.72?
How can you find out DENSITY altitude from altitude, pressure and temperature?
RULE OF THUMB
UP TO 3000’
1000’  in density altitude =
+10% of ground roll to total distance to clear 50’ obstacle
ABOVE 3000’
+20% of ground roll to total distance to clear 50’ obstacle
Instead of “factor” you can find “add this percentage to your normal take-off distance”.
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13. Crosswind Take-offs Effects of Crosswind on Directional Control
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Crosswind Take-offs
Can we always take off directly into the wind?
Effects of Crosswind on Directional Control
Weathercocking (plane wants to turn into the wind)
Plane is pushed sideways (strain on landing gear)
Into-wind wing produces more lift (due to dihedral as well as being more exposed to wind)
Ex Take-off

14. Determining Crosswind Component
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Determining Crosswind Component
Wind is at 20 knots, 40o angle with the runway. What is the crosswind component?
What is the maximum demonstrated crosswind component for your airplane?
Is it a legal limit?
At Island Air, we have even tighter minima – have you seen them?
Ex Take-off

15. Crosswind Take-offs: Directional Control
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Crosswind Take-offs: Directional Control
Throughout the take-off direction is maintained with rudder
In a crosswind, more rudder pressure than normal may be required
Ailerons should be fully deflected into the wind to prevent rolling tendency
Aileron deflection gradually reduced as aircraft gains speed
After aircraft is airborne, turn into the wind
How did we position ailerons when taxiing into a quartering headwind?
Why?
Why?
Ex Take-off

16. Propeller-Induced Yaw
FLIGHT FOR ENDURANCE: THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Propeller-Induced Yaw
SLIPSTREAM
ASYMMETRIC THRUST
Which rudder will you need on take-off and climb-out?
slipstream pushes tail to the right
plane wants to yaw to the left
at high angles of attack, down-going blade has more “bite” and creates more thrust
left-yawing tendency
TORQUE
GYROSCOPIC PRECESSION
TAKE-OFF
For asymmetric thrust, draw view from the top, bigger arrow on right blade, smaller on left blade: this explains why the plane yaws left.
tailwheel a/c
reaction to prop rotation causes roll to the left
pilot corrects with right aileron, causes adverse yaw to the left
spinning propeller acts as a gyroscope
raising nose causes right-yawing tendency
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17. Procedures Normal Take-off and Climb-out
Before Take-off
Take-off
Climb-out
Crosswind Take-off and Climb-out
Climb-out.
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18. Before Take-off: Complete run-up and pre-take-off check
PROCEDURES
Before Take-off:
Complete run-up and pre-take-off check
Complete GO/NO GO briefing
Choose abort point
Check windsock
Verify that you are CLEARED to cross the hold short line (i.e., “cleared for take-off” or “line up runway xx”)
Verify no traffic about to land before taxiing onto the runway
Transponder on ALT.
Where do you find the steps?
Can you give me a sample GO/NO GO briefing?
Why do you need to do this at a controlled airport?
Ex Take-off

19. Normal Take-off Line up with runway centerline
PROCEDURES
Normal Take-off
Line up with runway centerline
At controlled airport: Verify you are CLEARED for take-off
Feet off the brakes
Full power, hand on the throttle
Look well ahead of you and keep plane pointing straight with rudder
Confirm:
RPM in the static
oil temperature and pressure in the green
airspeed is alive
At recommended rotation speed, smoothly raise the nose to approximately Vy attitude and hold it.
Why?
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20. Normal Climb-out Climb out at Vy – normal climb Trim
PROCEDURES
Normal Climb-out
Climb out at Vy – normal climb
Trim
Control yaw with rudder
Maintain track over extended runway centreline
Post-take-off checks:
temperature & pressure in the green
landing light off
flaps up
VSI in the positive
full power
Lower the nose every 500’ to check for traffic.
Ex Take-off

21. Crosswind Take-off Line up with runway centerline
PROCEDURES
Crosswind Take-off
Line up with runway centerline
At controlled airport: Verify you are CLEARED for take-off
Feet off the brakes
Control column into the wind
Full power, hand on the throttle
Look well ahead of you and keep plane pointing straight with rudder
Confirm:
RPM is in the static
oil temperature and pressure in the green
airspeed is alive
Gradually reduce aileron deflection as plane accelerates
At recommended rotation speed, smoothly raise the nose to approximately Vy attitude and hold it.
Ex Take-off

22. PROCEDURES
Crosswind Climb-out
Once airborne, turn into crosswind to maintain track over extended centreline
Climb out at Vy – normal climb
Trim
Control yaw with rudder
Post-take-off checks:
temperature & pressure in the green
landing light off
flaps up
VSI in the positive
full power
Lower nose every 500’ to check for traffic.
Ex Take-off

23. Considerations Other Factors Affecting Take-off Performance Wind Shear
weight
runway slope
runway surface
control surface contamination
Wind Shear
Wake Turbulence.
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24. Take-Off Performance: Weight
CONSIDERATIONS
Take-Off Performance: Weight
Less weight = shorter ground roll and take-off distance to 50 feet
Something you’ll notice on your first solo flight!
POH performance figures are for what weight?
Ex Take-off

25. Take-Off Performance: Runway Slope
CONSIDERATIONS
Take-Off Performance: Runway Slope
Downslope – decreases take-off distance
Upslope – increases take-off distance.
What effect will runway downslope on take-off distance? Upslope?
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26. Take-Off Performance: Runway Surface
CONSIDERATIONS
Take-Off Performance: Runway Surface
What sort of runway surfaces may you encounter and what effect will they have on take-off performance?
Rougher surface – increases take-off distance
Wet, slick runways – increase stopping distance (a factor when deciding on abort point)
Runways with standing water, slush, loose snow: impact both deceleration and acceleration performance of the aircraft.
Any mention of rough runways in the POH?
Ex Take-off

27. Take-Off Performance: Control Surface Contamination
CONSIDERATIONS
Take-Off Performance: Control Surface Contamination
What sort of control surface contamination might you encounter?
How does control surface contamination affect lift and drag (and thus take-off performance)?
Ex Take-off

28. CONSIDERATIONS
Wind Shear
Wind shear = violent/abrupt change in wind speed and/or direction
Increase airspeed when wind shear is likely to be present
How do you know when it may be present?
WIND
What happens to the plane’s airspeed here?
WIND
PIREPs, observing other planes on take-off/approach, tower advisory, inversion (from METARs), gusty winds reported
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29. CONSIDERATIONS
Wake Turbulence
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30. CONSIDERATIONS
Wake Turbulence
In what direction does the air want to move?
What is so dangerous about wake turbulence?
Is the pressure higher above or below the wing?
Low Pressure
Low Pressure
High Pressure
High Pressure
Wake turbulence – turbulence caused by wingtip vortices
Strongest for planes that are heavy and slow
Vortices start on rotation, stop on touchdown
Drift downward and spread outward near the ground.
When are planes slow?
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31. CONSIDERATIONS
Wake Turbulence
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32. Wake Turbulence CONSIDERATIONS
When taking off after a heavy plane that just took off before you, in which portion of the runway must you complete your take-off to avoid wake turbulence?
What other options do you have for avoiding wake turbulence?
When taking off after a heavy plane that just landed before you, in which portion of the runway must you complete your take-off to avoid wake turbulence?
Are these realistic climb profiles?
Tower will delay your departure for 3 minutes after large plane’s take-off. Pilots have the authority to waive wake turbulence separation, but it’s not a good idea, and as a student pilot here, you are ABSOLUTELY PROHIBITED from doing so. Moreover, you need not accept take-off clearance if you’re uncomfortable with wake turbulence (even following a large plane’s landing).
Ex Take-off

33. SAFETY Hold short lines: only cross if cleared
Verify no landing traffic before taxiing onto the runway
Pick abort point for every take-off and be prepared to abort if not airborne by that point
You have limited options in a take-off emergency: have a plan for dealing with trouble in any phase of take-off and climb-out (GO/NO GO briefing)
Must be cleared for take-off at controlled airports
Excessive pressure on nose-wheel may cause
front wheel shimmy
wheelbarrowing (poor directional control).
Ex Take-off

34. Review What is the procedure for normal take-off?
What are the considerations for a crosswind take-off?
Wind is 200 magnetic at 18 knots. Can we use runway 26 for take-off? What other options do we have?
A Dash-8 just landed on 26, touching down at the 500’ markers. You want to take-off from runway 26. How can you avoid the Dash-8’s wake turbulence?
Is it safe to take off with light frost on your wings and elevators?
Can you give a sample GO/NO GO briefing?
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35. CONCLUSION
Conclusion
This is the first exercise in the segment of your training concentrating on take-offs, circuits and landings
Make sure each flight you ever make is off to a good start!
Today you learned about normal and crosswind take-offs. Later in your training we will build on this base and practice “specialty” take-offs (short-field and soft-field)
QUESTIONS?
Ex Take-off