1. C13- Genetic Technology Pp

2. Contents 13.1 Applied Genetics 13.2 Recombinant DNA Technology
13.3 The Human Genome

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4. Applied Genetics
Selective Breeding- choosing organisms with the most desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation.

5. Applied Genetics
Inbreeding- mating closely related individuals; results in homozygous offspring
Animal breed
Plant cultivar

6. Applied Genetics
Hybrids increase productivity and disease resistance in crops
Usually larger and stronger than purebred parents
Hybrid sorghum

7. Determining Genotypes
Test Crosses- unknown genotype X known genotype
Offspring ratios indicate genotype of unknown parent
Homozygous dominant if 100% heterozygote
Heterozygous if 1:1 ratio
P. 340

8. 13.2 Recombinant DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering faster & more reliable method to increase the frequency of allele
Involves cutting DNA from one organism & inserting it in another
Recombinant DNA Technology

9. Recombinant DNA Technology
Transgenic organism has foreign DNA
Tobacco plant with firefly DNA

10. Recombinant DNA Technology
Three step process

11. Recombinant DNA Technology
Step 1- isolate foreign DNA fragment to be inserted
Step 2- attach DNA fragment to a carrier
Step 3- transfer into host organism

12. Restriction Enzyme Cleaves DNA
Restriction enzymes bacterial proteins with ability to cut DNA sequence at specific nucleotide sequence
Palindromes-same sequence in opposite orders
Hundreds of restriction enzymes
Fragments have sticky ends

13. Vectors Transfer DNA Carrier that transports foreign DNA into host
Here a retrovirus serves as vector for engineered bone cells.
Can be biological or mechanical
Bacterial plasmid is a small ring of DNA
Micropipette or DNA coated bullet from a gene gun
ML 13.1, p. 343

14. Gene Cloning Clones are genetically identical copies
Each identical recombinant DNA molecule is called a gene clone.
Recombinant DNA can be inserted in yeast, plant cells and animal cells.

15. Animal Cloning Dolly the sheep first cloned animal, 1997
Dewey, first cloned deer, 2003

16. Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR method to replicate DNA outside an organism
Thermocycler uses heat to separate DNA strands
Enzyme used to repeatedly replicate DNA
Used in crime investigations and diagnosis of infectious disease

17. Sequencing DNA Sequencing DNA allows scientists to identify mutations
Four tubes A, C, T & G tagged with different colors
Strands separated by size using gel electrophoresis

18. Applications of DNA Technology
Industrial
Produce chemical compounds
Indigo for dye
Cheese production
Laundry detergent
Pulp & paper products
Sewage treatment

19. Applications of DNA Technology
Medical
Production of proteins
Human growth hormone
Insulin
Antibodies
Enzymes

20. Applications of DNA Technology
Agriculture
Crop development
Insect resistance
Genetically modified crops
Vitamin fortified food
Allergy reduction

21. 13.3 The Human Genome
In 2003 scientists in the Human Genome Project obtained the DNA sequence of 3 billion base pairs making up the human genome.
It is nearly the same (99.9%) in all people.

22. 13.3 The Human Genome
Only about 2% of the human genome contains genes which are the instructions for making proteins.
Humans have about 30,000 genes; the functions of more than half of them are unknown.

23. 13.3 The Human Genome
Almost half of human proteins share similarities with other organisms, underscoring the unity of life.
Much is still unknown!

24. The Human Genome
Genetic map that gives the relative location of genes on a chromosome is called a linkage map.
Crossover occurs during prophase I of meiosis.
Genes that crossover frequently must be farther apart.

25. The Human Genome
Biotechnology increases the efficiency of mapping with new methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make millions of copies of DNA fragments

26. The Human Genome Sequencing the human genome:
1) cleaving DNA into fragments
2) cloning fragments
3) sequences aligned
All automated

27. Applications Diagnosis of genetic disorders
Can be diagnosed before birth using amniotic fluid
Isolating DNA
Using PCR to analyze

28. Applications Gene Therapy
Insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders
SCID, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia

29. Applications New Methods of Crime Detection
DNA fingerprints from non-coding DNA segments unique to individual
Can be used even with ancient DNA such as mummies or historical figures