1. Western invasions (1839-1900) Opium War (1839 - 1842)
The Second Opium War ( )
Russia’s territorial gains
Northeast China ( )
Northwest China ( )
Sino-French War ( )
Sino-Japanese War ( )
8-nation forces (1900)

2. Weakness fully exposed
Sino-Japanese War of
Chinese navy destroyed
Taiwan ceded to Japan
large indemnity
most-favored-nation
more treaty ports
Korea
start of Japanese empire

3. The scramble for concessions

4. The Boxer Uprising in 1900 Peasants in Northern China
support from high officials of Qing court
destruction of anything foreign
siege of the legation quarter in Beijing

5. 8-nation forces invaded Beijing
Harsh settlement
station troops in Beijing
huge indemnity
Russian troops in Manchuria
until 1905

6. Radicalization of politics
status quo
modern monarchy
Qing court
Reformers
Peasants
Revolutionaries
republic
pre-1841 China
Marxism?
nationalism?

7. Revolution of 1911
Dr. Sun Yat-sen
Gen. Yuan Shikai

8. The Revolution of 1911 1911-10-10, Wuchang Uprising
Qing dynasty was overthrown
, China became a republic

9. Sun YatSen (1866 - 1925) 1st President of the Republic of China
founder of the Nationalist Party (GMD)
The Three Principles of the People
nationalism
people’s rights
people’s livelihood

10. Yuan Shi Kai returned to politics and replaced Sun Yat Sen who had no power base. Sun became minister of transport hoping to modernise China.
Yuan was a general and an autocrat however and wanted to become emperor of China. He caved in to Japanese pressure and was opposed by other generals. He died in 1916 but set a precedent for generals to try to seize power. China was to enter one of its darkest periods, the War Lord Period.

11. Warlords ( )

12. Era of the Warlords (1916-1926) Local concentrations of power emerge
military leaders & local gentry take control of the provinces.
Warlord armies terrorize the countryside.
Millions of peasants die of famine & disease.
Peasants’ desire for land went unresolved; landless grew

13. The Warlords Li Yuanbong Zhang Zuolin Yan Xishan Feng Yuxiang
They fought for control of Beijing, to be recognised as the official government of China . The effects were disastrous, particularly on the peasants who were raped and pillaged and forced to pay taxes up to 30 years in advance, for their “protection and safety”.

14. Frustrated nationalism
China’s previous efforts to borrow from the West to achieve wealth and power all failed
military hardware and related technologies
economic institutions and organization
science, scholarship, and education
government, political processes and organizations

15. Frustrated nationalism
China became weaker and poorer
continuous civil wars between warlords
Western privileges in China
humiliated and abused in the world

16. Radical urban intellectuals
multiplication of ism’s

17. World War I (1914-18) Beijing government joined the Allied forces
sent laborers to Europe

18. World War I (1914-18) Japan drove German forces out of Qingdao
Paris Peace Conference in 1919

19. High expectations in Beijing

20. Treaty of Versailles (1919)
All German privileges in China’s Shandong Peninsula were “transferred” to Japan

21. Student protests in Beijing

22. May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919
students protest in Peking.
slogan: ‘Down with the Imperialists’
becomes a nationalist movement:
1. Spreads to other cities
2. Nationalism & anti-imperialist sentiment grow.

23. Spread of the movement Boycott Japanese products
demand release of arrested students
workers and merchants joined in
Shanghai, Nanjing, etc.
Paris, California, etc.

24. May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919
Outcome:
Create broad based coalition.
Force release of imprisoned students
dismissal of Japanese officials from govt.
reformers turn against Sun
Yat-sen’s belief in western
democracy.

25. Following the Russian revolution the GMD turned to Russia for help.
The Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin (left) to organise the new Chinese Communist Party and to assist the GMD to unite and overthrow the warlords.

26. New political parties Nationalist Party (GMD) was established
Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925
Chiang Kai-Shek was the military leader
Communist Party was established in 1921
Mao ZeDong was one of its founding members

27. Unfotunately Sun died in 1925 before his plans could come to fruition
Unfotunately Sun died in 1925 before his plans could come to fruition. His funeral train is seen with his picture on the front.

28. Chiang KaiShek Born in Zhejiang Province in 1887
studied Confucianism in his hometown
studied military in Japan
returned during the Revolution of 1911
became a follower of Sun YatSen
President of the Huangpu Academy

29. Sun Yat-sen’s son in law and leader of the new army Chiang Kai Shek quickly took command and established himself as leader moving against the War Lords in the successful Great Northern Expedition.

30. GMD soldiers in Guangzhou eat before departing for the North.

31. Northern Expedition GMD & CCP merged in 1924 split in 1927
CCP was decimated

32. Break-up of KMT and CCP Chiang Kai-shek 1925
Chiang Kai-shek emerges as KMT leader
KMT & CCP forces successfully defeat the Warlords.
1927—Chiang fears CCP and its leaders.
KMT troops overrun Shanghai
Execute CCP leaders & union members.
“Purges” spread to other cities.
Surviving CCP leaders go into hiding.
Chiang Kai-shek

33. The success of the Northern Expedition surprised everyone as many of the Warlords were defeated or made peace with the GMD.The march to Shanghai became a triumphal parade but left Chiang with a problem. He did not want to share power with his Communist allies, preferring the capitalist way of development which would ensure close ties with the USA.
He decided therefore to end the United Front which had been so successful in defeating the Warlords and to eliminate his communist allies. A bloody purge of the communists followed in Shanghai and in Guangzhou.
The massacre was successful and left Chiang free to march on Beijing and establish himself as China’s first strong ruler since He would be in a position to carry out Sun Yat Sen’s programme of modernisation of a united country.

34. Death in Shanghai

35. The Chinese Civil War 1926-1949 Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek
Chairman Mao Zedong

36. Communists in rural areas
revolutionary bases in Jiangxi Province
communist revolts in other areas
the “Long March” to Northwest China

37. The Encirclement Campaigns drove the communists to escape in the Long March. Mao is seen here with his second wife who accompanied him on the march.

38. The Long March

40. Nationalism under Chiang
Negotiated with Western powers and Japan
regained the sovereign right to set tariffs
abolished extraterritorial rights
abolished or revised “unequal treaties” with Western powers of the Qing dynasty
recovered some of the “leased areas” from Western powers

41. China soon came to know him as the ruler of the country
China soon came to know him as the ruler of the country. He liked to be called the Genralissimo. He was able to modernise China as the electric cables for street cars shown in this picture demonstrate. Generally cities, particularly Shanghai, made great progress, even in the harsh economic climate of the 1930’s Great Depression.

42. Nationalist Republic of China (1928-37)
Chiang Kai-shek becomes President.
U.S. & Britain recognizes KMT government
Government becomes dictatorial and corrupt.
Focuses on modernizing & developing cities.
Ignores the peasants—life does not improve

43. Chinese young men learning to type.

44. Western medicine became more popular.

45. Even Pu Yi the former boy emperor adopted Western ways

46. The cheong-sam became very fashionable as foot binding was finally eradicated as a custom.

47. Some people became very rich……..
Whilst others remained desperately poor.

49. Some communists escaped the purges like Mao and Zhou and took communism to the country side, starting the civil wars again.

50. Mao Tse-tung and the Peasants
Recognizes potential.
Organizing soviets to train peasants
Divides CCP land amongst peasants
Wins their loyalty

52. China under Chiang Kai-Shek
Japanese encroachment
1928, Shandong Province
1931, Manchuria
3 provinces
1932, Shanghai
1933, Northern China
suburbs of Beijing
1937, full-scale aggression started
Beijing and Shanghai

53. The Japanese posed an even bigger threat,taking Manchuria and putting Pu Yi on the throne as a puppet. After 1937 they invaded and conquered the rich coastal plains and cities of China in a brilliantly successful but brutal campaign, culminating in the massacre at Nanjing where 300,000 civilians were slaughtered in an orgy of rape, pillage and execution.
Victorious Japanese troops at Shanghai
It then became Chiang Kai Shek’s turn to flee to the interior of China and resist as best he could in Chung king until the Americans arrived with help.