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1899 French magazine.

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Presentation on theme: "1899 French magazine."— Presentation transcript:

1 1899 French magazine

2 Unequal Treaties 1. Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese 2. Open several ports to British trade 3. Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong 4. Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China

3 Western invasions (1839-1900) Opium War (1839 - 1842)
The Second Opium War ( ) Russia’s territorial gains Northeast China ( ) Northwest China ( ) Sino-French War ( ) Sino-Japanese War ( ) 8-nation forces (1900)

4 Weakness fully exposed
Sino-Japanese War of Chinese navy destroyed Taiwan ceded to Japan large indemnity most-favored-nation more treaty ports Korea start of Japanese empire

5 By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.
5 Internal Problems By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants. An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden. Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history. Followed by the Boxer Rebellion against foreigners. **In both rebellions the Qing dynasty had to rely on European troops to regain power

6 Radicalization of politics
status quo modern monarchy Qing court Reformers Peasants Revolutionaries republic pre-1841 China Marxism? Capitalist- Democratic?

7 Overthrow of Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911)
Sun Yat-sen becomes the leader of the revolution sets up a republic is elected president Hopes to establish govt. based on the three principles of the people. 1. Nationalism 2. Democracy 3. People’s Livelihood Sun Yat-sen ( )

8 World War I--Asia Japan: 1917-China and Japan aide Allies vs. Germany
- Chinese used as laborers not soldiers - Japan sends navy to help Brits blockade German ports and drives Germans out of China 1919 Treaty of Versailles: Japan gains territory & privileges previously belonging to Germany in China. (Shandong Province)

9 Chinese Response: May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919
students protest in Peking. slogan: ‘Down with the Imperialists’ becomes a nationalist movement: 1. Spreads to other cities 2. Nationalism & anti-imperialist sentiment grow.

10 May Fourth Movement Spreads
Boycott Japanese products workers and merchants join Protests in major Chinese cities Goes international: Paris, California Force release of imprisoned students dismissal of Japanese officials from govt. Some turn against Sun Yat-sen’s belief in western democracy.

11 Following the Russian revolution the GMD turned to Russia for help.
The Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin (left) to organise the new Chinese Communist Party and to assist the GMD to unite and overthrow the warlords.

12 New political parties Nationalist Party (GMD)
- established prior to the Revolution by Sun Yat-Sen, but dies in 1925 General Chiang Kai-Shek takes over Communist Party was established in 1921 Mao Ze Dong was one of its founding members -becomes leader by 1935 during the Long March 12

13 The Chinese Civil War 1926-1949 Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek
Chairman Mao Zedong

14 Communists in rural areas
revolutionary bases in Jiangxi Province for CCP elite and purge survivors AND their Soviet advisors To grow their base and spread communist revolts to other areas

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16 Nationalist Republic of China (1928-37)
Chiang Kai-shek becomes President. U.S. & Britain recognizes KMT government Government becomes dictatorial and corrupt. Focuses on modernizing & developing cities. Ignores the peasants—life does not improve

17 Mao Tse-tung and the Peasants
Recognizes potential. Organizing soviets to train peasants Divides CCP land amongst peasants Wins their loyalty

18 The Japanese posed an even bigger threat, taking Manchuria
After 1937 they invaded and conquered the rich coastal plains and cities of China in a brilliantly successful but brutal campaign, culminating in the massacre at Nanjing where 300,000 civilians were slaughtered in an orgy of rape, pillage and execution. But this only united and motivated the Chinese to fight them. It then became Chiang Kai Shek’s turn to flee to the interior of China and resist as best he could in Chungking until the Americans arrived with help. Mao’s Red Army did most of the fighting against the Japanese. Gaining combat experience to use against Chaing Kaishek when the Japanese are defeated and the Civil War restarts ( )

19 Mao’s China: 1949: “China has stood up!”

20 “A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.”

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23 China under Mao Communist ideology shaped new government
Having defeated the Guomindang, Mao set about building a Communist China. His first concern was rebuilding a country that had been torn apart by years of civil war. Communist ideology shaped new government Change in China’s political, economic systems Government discouraged practice of religion Rebuilding China Also seized property of rural landowners, redistributed among peasants Put in place Soviet-style five-year plans for industrial development Development By 1957, first plan doubled China’s small industrial output Early efforts to build economy successful Improved economy, reduced poverty First Plan

24 Soviet Union provided financial support, aid in China’s first years
China Modeled on Soviet Union Soviet Union provided financial support, aid in China’s first years China modeled many of its new political, economic, military policies on Soviet system 1950s, territorial disputes, differences in ideology pushed China away from Soviet ally Improvements in literacy rates, public health Chinese life expectancy increased sharply over next few decades Improvements came at a cost To consolidate Communist control over China, government soon began to eliminate so-called “enemies of the state” who had spoken out against government’s policies Many thousands—including public officials, business leaders, artists, writers—killed, or sent to labor camps


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