1. UNIT 5: CMOS subsystem design
(Pucknell p: )
(Neil west -p: )

2. Switch logic
Gate logics
Combinational logic
Clocked sequential circuits
Clocking Strategies,PLL

3. Introduction
Large systems are composed of sub-systems, known as Leaf-Cells
The most basic leaf cell is the common logic gate (inverter, nand, ..etc)
Structured Design
High regularity
Leaf cells replicated many times and interconnected to form the system
Logical and systematic approach to VLSI design is essential

4. Architectural issues Define the requirements
In all design process, a logical and systematic approach is essential
Define the requirements
Partition the overall architecture into appropriate subsystems
Consider communication paths carefully
Floor plan :how the system is to map onto the silicon
Aim for regular structures
Draw stick or symbolic diagrams
Convert each cell to a layout
Carry out a design rule check on each cell
Simulate the performance of each subsystem

5. Switch Logic
Switch logic is based on the ‘pass transistor ‘ or on transmission gates.
Pass transistor
Gate(restoring) logic

6. Pass transistor

7. Pass transistor and transmission-gate
switches and switch logic may be formed from simple n- p-pass transistors or from transmission-gate
Signal degradation occurs in Pass transistor logic
No Signal degradation occurs in transmission gate ,but more area is occupied S S’
Vout
Vin S

8. Gate(restoring) logic
Gate logic is based on the general arrangement circuits
Ex : Inverter, Nand Nor, And, Or….

9. Inverter Some of the commonly used inverter circuit diagrams Vdd = 5V
Vout
Vdd = 5V
Vin
Vout
Vdd = 5V
Vin

10. nMOS inverter
16λ 2λ 8λ 4λ 2λ

11. Two input nMOS,CMOS, Nand Gate

12. Nand gate two significant factors
nMOS Nand gate area requirement:
As inputs are added, so must there be a corresponding adjustment of the length of the pull-up transistor channel to maintain the required overall ratio
nMOS Nand gate delay:
For n inputs, then the length and resistance of the pull-up transistor must be increased by factor of n to keep correct ratio.
Delay associated with the nMOS Nand gate
ГNand =nГ

13. Two input nMOS,CMOS Nor gate

14. Since both transistor of the nMOS Nor gate provide a path to ground from the pull-up transistor, the ratios must be such that any one conducting pull-down transistor will give the appropriate inverter-like transfer characteristic.

15. Pseudo-nMOS logic
The circuit is replaced by depletion mode pull-up transistor of the standard nMOS circuits with a p-transistor with gate connected to Vss.
Ex: 3 input NAND gate..

16. Dynamic CMOS logic
Charge sharing problem unless the inputs are constrained not to change during the on period of the clock
Single phase dynamic logic structures cannot be cascaded

17. Clocked CMOS logic
Logic is implemented in both n- and p-transistors in the form of a p-block and n-block structure
The logic is evaluated only during on period of the clock

18. n-p CMOS logic
The actual logic blocks are alternately ‘n’ and ‘p’ in a cascaded structure
Logic operation depends on clock φ and clock bar φ’ alternatively

19. Examples of structured design (Combinational logic)
A parity generator
Bus arbitration logic for n-line bus
Multiplexers (Data selectors)
A general logic function block
A four-line gray code to binary code converter
The programmable logic array (PLA)

20. Parity generator Ai=1 parity is changed, Pi=P’i-1
A0 A1 A An-1 An
P=1 even number of 1’s at input
P=0 odd number of 1’s at input
Ai=1 parity is changed, Pi=P’i-1
Ai=0 parity is unchanged, Pi=Pi-1

21. Stick diagram Pi
P’i
P i-1
P’ i-1
A’i Ai

22. Bus arbitration logic for n-line bus
If the highest priority line An is Hi (logic 1), then output line Apn will be Hi and all other output line Lo (logic o), irrespective of the state of the other input lines A1----An-1.
Similarly , Apn-1 will be Hi and all other output line Lo (logic o), irrespective -1 will be Hi only when An-1 is Hi and An is Lo; again the state of all input lines of lower priority (A1----An-2)will have no effect and all other output lines will be Lo.

23. n-line bus Stick diagram
Apn An
Apn-1
An-1
An-2
Apn-2
A’n-1 An
A’n
An-1

24. Multiplexers (Data selectors)
MUX I0 I1 I2 I3
S1 S’1 S0 S’0 Z

25. MUX Stick diagram Z I0 I1 I2 I3
S S’ S S’0

26. A general logic function block
Select inputs Z
Nor, Nand
Data inputs
C C C C0

27. A four-line gray code to binary code converter}
A0=G0A1
A1=G1A2
A2=G2A3
A3=G3
Exclusive-or operations

28. The programmable logic array (PLA)

29. System Considerations
Lose sight of overall system requirements and restrictions
Use of buses to interconnect subsystems and circuits must always be most carefully considered.
Bipolar drivers for Bus Lines
Basic arrangements for Bus Lines
Power dissipation for CMOS and BiCMOS circuits
Current limitations
Further aspects of Vdd and Vss rail distribution

30. Bipolar drivers for Bus Lines
Bus structures carrying data and control signals are generally long and connected to and trough a significant number of circuits and subsystems
Propagation of signals may be a slow process
The capacitive load driving properties of bipolar transistors in a BiCMOS process make bipolar drivers an attractive proposition for bus lines

31. Basic arrangements for Bus Lines
There are three classes of bus- passive ,active and precharged
A passive bus rail is a floating rail to which signals may be connected from drivers through series switches

32. In active bus a common pull-up Rp
In active bus a common pull-up Rp.u and n-type pull-down transistors or series n-type transistor logic

33. The Precharged bus concept
The precharged bus approach limits the effects of bus capacitance in that a single pull-up transister whch is turned on only during 2

34. Power dissipation for CMOS and BiCMOS Circuits
The overall dissipation is composed of two terms:
P1 the dissipation due to the leakage current I1 through an ‘off’ transistor. Consequently, for n transistors, we have
P1=n.I1.Vdd
Where I1=0.1 nA, typically at room temperature.
Ps is the dissipation due to energy supplied to charge and discharge the capacitances associated with each switching circuit
Ps=CL.Vdd2.f
Total power dissipation Pt=P1+Ps
Power dissipation for bipolar devices can be simply modeled by
P=Vcc* Ic
Ic is the current through the device

35. Current limitations for Vdd and GND rails
Metal migration for high current densities in metal conductors
Aluminum conductor threshold value
Jth=1 to 2 mA

36. Further aspects of Vdd and Vss rail distribution
Limitations of distributive rails are:
Metal migration imposed current density restrictions
The IR drop due to rail series resistance
The series inductance of the rails

37. IR drop and series inductance
For a parent bus supplying current to other uniformly distributed short bus branches along the length L of the parent bus, then the current at any distance x from the source is given by
Ix=IL(1-x/L)

38. series inductance ∆V=L0 di/dt
The transmission line nature of any wiring introduces the possibility of voltage transients due to its self-inductance L0. the transient changes in voltage due to the presence of self-inductance can be modeled by
∆V=L0 di/dt
di/dt Is the rate of change of line current