2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Essential Standard 3.00: Summarize Plant Anatomy

3. OBJECTIVE 3.01 Discuss biological terms used to describe plants. Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.

4. PLANT SCIENCES Biology-the branch of science that deals with both plant and animal organisms and life processes Biology-the branch of science that deals with both plant and animal organisms and life processes Zoology-the part of biology that deals with animals Zoology-the part of biology that deals with animals Botany the part of biology that deals with plants Botany the part of biology that deals with plants

5. PLANT SCIENCES Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes for which the plants are grown Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes for which the plants are grown Agronomy-The science and practice of growing field crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn and soybeans. Agronomy-The science and practice of growing field crops such as cotton, wheat, tobacco, corn and soybeans. Forestry-The science and practice of growing, managing and harvesting trees for building materials and other products. Forestry-The science and practice of growing, managing and harvesting trees for building materials and other products. Horticulture-The science and practice of growing, processing and marketing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants Horticulture-The science and practice of growing, processing and marketing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants

6. LIFE CYCLES OF PLANTS Annual-a plant that completes its life cycle in one year Annual-a plant that completes its life cycle in one year Biennial-a plant that completes its life cycle in two years Biennial-a plant that completes its life cycle in two years Perennial-a plant that lives more than two years Perennial-a plant that lives more than two years

7. LEAF RETENTION Deciduous-loses leaves during the dormant season Deciduous-loses leaves during the dormant season Evergreen-keeps leaves and remains green year- round Evergreen-keeps leaves and remains green year- round

8. MOISTURE IN PLANTS Turgid-plant is swollen or filled with moisture Turgid-plant is swollen or filled with moisture Wilted-plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture Wilted-plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture

9. PLANT GROWTH Dormant Dormant A plant rest or grows very little A plant rest or grows very little Response to an adverse condition Response to an adverse condition

10. SEASON CROP TYPE Cool Season Cool Season Plants relish cool weather Plants relish cool weather Pansies grow best in spring or fall Pansies grow best in spring or fall Warm Season Warm Season Grow best in summer and early fall Grow best in summer and early fall Zinnia Zinnia Marigold Marigold Vinca Vinca Poinsettia Poinsettia

11. OBJECTIVE 3.02 Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants. Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.

12. LEAVES-EXTERNAL Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf Midrib-the large center vein Midrib-the large center vein Veins-the structural framework of the leaf Veins-the structural framework of the leaf Margin-the edge of the leaf Margin-the edge of the leaf Apex – Leaf Tip Apex – Leaf Tip

13. LEAVES-EXTERNAL

14. LEAVES-INTERNAL Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture Stomates-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration Stomates-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration Guard Cells-open and close stomates Guard Cells-open and close stomates

15. LEAVES-INTERNAL Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain chlorophyll Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain chlorophyll gives leaves their green color gives leaves their green color necessary for photosynthesis necessary for photosynthesis

16. LEAVES-INTERNAL

17. LEAVES-INTERNAL

18. LEAVE-ADDITIONS Sessile describes leaves without a petiole Sessile describes leaves without a petiole Example zinnia Example zinnia Bracts are modified leaves Bracts are modified leaves Example poinsettia Example poinsettia Needles and scales are modified leaves Needles and scales are modified leaves Example pine tree Example pine tree

19. LEAVE-ADDITIONS Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel Example southern magnolia Example southern magnolia Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel Example African violet Example African violet

20. LEAVE-FUNCTIONS Respiration Respiration converts sugars and starches into energy converts sugars and starches into energy Transpiration Transpiration release of water vapor from the leaves of plants release of water vapor from the leaves of plants It also cools the plant It also cools the plant

21. FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen Video Video Video

22. STEMS-EXTERNAL Lenticels-breathing pores Lenticels-breathing pores Bud scale scars-show where terminal buds have been located Bud scale scars-show where terminal buds have been located Leaf Scars-show where leaves were attached Leaf Scars-show where leaves were attached Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem Terminal bud-bud on the end of a stem Axillary or lateral bud-bud on side of stem Axillary or lateral bud-bud on side of stem

23. STEMS-INTERNAL Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to stems and leaves Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to stems and leaves Phloem-tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots Phloem-tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots Xylem Phloem

24. STEMS-INTERNAL Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells Bark-old inactive phloem Bark-old inactive phloem Heartwood-old inactive xylem Heartwood-old inactive xylem Sapwood-new active xylem Sapwood-new active xylem

25. STEMS-INTERNAL Cambium Heartwood Sapwood Bark

26. STEMS-INTERNAL Monocots-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle Monocots-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain both xylem and phloem in each bundle Produce one seed leaf (cotyledons) Produce one seed leaf (cotyledons) examples: corn, grasses examples: corn, grasses Dicots-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium Dicots-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium Produce two seed leaves (cotyledons) Produce two seed leaves (cotyledons) example: trees example: trees

27. STEMS-INTERNAL MonocotDicot

28. FUNCTIONS OF STEMS Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots Translocation-moves water and minerals from roots up to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds Supports branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds Video Video Video

29. ROOTS-EXTERNAL Root cap- indicates growth of new cells Root cap- indicates growth of new cells Root Hairs - absorb moisture (water) and minerals Root Hairs - absorb moisture (water) and minerals Root images from a rice plant

30. ROOTS-INTERNAL Much like stems in that they have a phloem, cambium, and xylem layer Much like stems in that they have a phloem, cambium, and xylem layer Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem

31. LAYERS OF ROOTS Fibrous-many branched shallow roots Fibrous-many branched shallow roots are easier to transplant are easier to transplant Tap-long root with few branched ones Tap-long root with few branched ones more difficult to transplant more difficult to transplant

32. FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem Anchor the plant and hold it upright Anchor the plant and hold it upright Store food for plant use Store food for plant use Asexual reproduction in some plants Asexual reproduction in some plants Video Video Video

33. FLOWERS Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers Stamen-male part of the flower Stamen-male part of the flower Pistil-female part of the flower Pistil-female part of the flower

34. FLOWERS

35. PARTS OF THE STAMEN Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

36. PARTS OF THE PISTIL Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen

37. PARTS OF THE PISTIL Stigma Style Ovary

38. COMPLETE-VS-INCOMPLETE Complete flowers have both male and female parts Complete flowers have both male and female parts Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts

39. FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.) Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.) Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds Helps with seed dispersal Helps with seed dispersal Video Video Video

40. OBJECTIVE 3.03 Discuss floriculture and landscape plants Discuss floriculture and landscape plants

41. TAXONOMY The science of classifying and identifying plants The science of classifying and identifying plants Scientific names are used because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world. Scientific names are used because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world.

42. KARL VON LINNE Swedish botanist that developed the binomial system of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the genus and species. Swedish botanist that developed the binomial system of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the genus and species. Linne changed his name to the Latin name Carolus Linneaus. Linne changed his name to the Latin name Carolus Linneaus.

43. SCIENTIFIC NAMES Latin is the language used for scientific classification. Latin is the language used for scientific classification. The first word is the genus and the second word is the species. If there are additional words, they indicate a variety or cultivar. The first word is the genus and the second word is the species. If there are additional words, they indicate a variety or cultivar.

44. GENUS VS. SPECIES Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics. Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics. Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type. Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type.

45. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION The broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom--either plant or animal. The broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom--either plant or animal. The broadest category in the plant kingdom is division or phylum. The broadest category in the plant kingdom is division or phylum.

46. DIVISIONS The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are: The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are: Thallophites Thallophites Bryophytes Bryophytes Pteriophytes Pteriophytes Spermatophytes Spermatophytes

47. SPERMATOPHYTES Contains flowering or seed-bearing plants Contains flowering or seed-bearing plants Two subdivisions are: Two subdivisions are: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

48. COMMON PLANT GENUS Pinus-Pine Pinus-Pine Acer-Maple Acer-Maple Ilex-Holly Ilex-Holly Ficus-fig Ficus-fig Cornus-dogwood Rhododendron- rhododendron Quercus-oak