1. LESSON 12: GRAMMAR AND USAGE Things to Know Before You Start & A Review of the Homework Questions

2. STUFF YOU MIGHT HAVE FORGOTTEN BUT NEED TO KNOW Noun—a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. Can be common or proper. – Common: lady (person), house (place), pencil (thing), love (idea) – Proper: Ms. Thompson (person), Arizona (place), Snickers (thing), Modernism (idea)

3. Continued Verb– a word that expresses an action, a state of being or the condition of something, or help a main verb. Often written differently depending on what tense it is (what time the action occurred). Can be regular or irregular. Action verbs: Linking and helping verbs: am, is, are, was, were, have, has, did, do, can, could, may, might, etc. PresentPastPast ParticipleFuture RegularClimbClimbedHave climbedWill Climb IrregularSwimSwamHave swumWill Swim More about participles on the next slide!

4. Continued Verbal: words that are formed from verbs, but are never used alone as action words in sentences. Instead, verbals function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Three types: – Gerund: ends in “ing”, functions as a noun Jumping on the trampoline is my favorite activity. – Infinitive: a verb with “to” in front of it I like to ski. – Participle: verb that ends in -ing (present) or -ed, - d, -t, -en, -n (past). May function as adjectives or verbs. The dancing parrots entertained the crowd. She is thinking of the children.

5. Continued Adjective: a word that describes a noun – A fancy girl, an arid desert, a terrifying time, the scientific discovery, an undying love – Bonus fact! “A”, “an”, and “the” are all articles and work the same way adjectives do; they help us specify which noun is being described. That’s why there’s a difference between “a winner” and “THE winner”.

6. Continued Preposition: words that help form relationships between nouns and other words. Usually tells where or when. (Hint: it’s that long list of words you probably had to memorize with a song, or it was “all the things the rabbit can do to the tree” or something) lol, this one was so ugly, I had to use it.

7. Continued A word on what makes a sentence a “complete thought” that can “stand alone”… – You know that a complete sentence has to have both a subject (the noun part) and a predicate (the verb part) while at the same time expressing a complete thought. If you’ve ever had trouble with what that actually means, here’s an example: While you were in the library. – There’s the subject “you” and the verb “were”, but would you understand what this person was trying to tell you? You’d probably be like, “What? What happened while I was in the library?” From this sentence, you’re only getting the beginning of the person’s thought. So, it’s NOT a “complete thought”.

8. HOMEWORK REVIEW

9. #5 A – “a” is an article that tells which skater, “figure” is an adjective that describes what kind of skater, and “skater” is a noun since it’s a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns and the words that describe them are noun phrases.

10. #6 “Eating lunch at the park” looks like a participal phrase (remember participals look like verbs, in this case “Eating”, but act like adjectives). By itself, it does not express a complete thought (Who is eating at the park? Huh?), so we need to add more to the sentence to make it a complete thought. Participal phrases are supposed to act like adjectives, so let’s keep that in mind. Example sentences: – Eating lunch at the park, I spilled mustard on my shirt. The sentence is complete, and we used the phrase like an adjective to describe “I”. – My teacher, eating lunch at the park, ran into one of her students. Again, complete sentences with our phrase used like an adjective, this time to describe “teacher”.

11. #7 C– Sneaky workbook makers! They wanted to see if you could pick the phrase would without giving you a relative pronoun. But they did give you a relative adverb (the words where, when, and why). If you weren’t sure, you could have diagrammed all the sentences to figure it out. The book says relative clauses “modify a word or phrase in the main clause”, which means they work basically like an adjective. Let’s see if knowing that would help…

12. Many small bookstores are struggling to stay open. (noun phrase, verb phrase, prep phrase) A haven can be found in quiet nooks in bookstores and libraries. (Noun phrase, verb phrase, 2 prep phrases). The bookstore where I usually buy my books has closed. (Noun phrase, phrase that acts like an adjective??, verb phrase) Buying books has become an expensive habit. (Phrase that acts like a noun??, verb phrase, noun phrase)

13. #8 A dependent clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb but is not a complete thought. Example sentences: – After I eat, I watch my favorite TV show. – I watch my favorite TV show when I feel stressed. Hack: a lot of dep. clauses start with one of these subordinating conjunctions. afterhowunless althoughifuntil asinasmuch when as if in order that whenever as long aslestwhere as much asnow thatwherever as soon as provided (that) while as thoughsince becauseso that beforethan even ifthat even though though