2. Thomas Jefferson and His Presidency

3. Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr both tie with 73 votes. It goes to the House and Hamilton controls the outcome and chooses Jefferson! Why? Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr both tie with 73 votes. It goes to the House and Hamilton controls the outcome and chooses Jefferson! Why? He hates Burr more than Jefferson! He hates Burr more than Jefferson! Thomas Jefferson became our 3 rd president Thomas Jefferson became our 3 rd president The Democratic-Republicans took control of Congress The Democratic-Republicans took control of Congress The Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution The Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution Pres and VP run as a ticket Pres and VP run as a ticket "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists." (Appealing to both Parties) "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists." (Appealing to both Parties)

4. Election of 1800 Referred to as constituting “another revolution” Referred to as constituting “another revolution” the party in power (Federalist) stepped down after losing the election the party in power (Federalist) stepped down after losing the election Changes made by Jefferson Changes made by Jefferson Size of the military reduced (Why?) Size of the military reduced (Why?) Number of Federal employees increased Number of Federal employees increased Amount of national debt reduced Amount of national debt reduced Alien and Sedition Acts repealed (Why?) Alien and Sedition Acts repealed (Why?) Lowered Government Expenses, Cut Taxes Lowered Government Expenses, Cut Taxes Increased the power of Agricultural in the South. Increased the power of Agricultural in the South. Free Trade w/o Government Control Free Trade w/o Government Control Reduced the size of the National Bank (Why?) Reduced the size of the National Bank (Why?)

5. Judiciary Act 1801 Increases the Number of Federal Judges to 16. Increases the Number of Federal Judges to 16.

6. The Midnight Judges John Adams filled all open positions with Federalist Judges! John Adams filled all open positions with Federalist Judges! Adams appoints one right before Jefferson takes office. (Why?) Hence the midnight judge. Adams appoints one right before Jefferson takes office. (Why?) Hence the midnight judge. This causes some problems for the Supreme Court… This causes some problems for the Supreme Court…

7. Marbury Vs. Madison (1803) William Marbury – A Supreme court judge appointed by Adams on his last night of Office. William Marbury – A Supreme court judge appointed by Adams on his last night of Office. Jefferson ordered the Secretary of state (James Madison) not to deliver the official papers to Marbury the next day. Jefferson ordered the Secretary of state (James Madison) not to deliver the official papers to Marbury the next day. Marbury Sued Madison over this matter. Marbury Sued Madison over this matter. What does the Supreme court do? Does Marbury win? What does the Supreme court do? Does Marbury win?

8. Marbury Vs. Madison Continued Supreme court rules against Marbury! Supreme court rules against Marbury! Why? Why? Jefferson was going to ignore the appointment & therefore ignore the supreme court. Jefferson was going to ignore the appointment & therefore ignore the supreme court. So…The Supreme Court protects their power keeping judicial review. So…The Supreme Court protects their power keeping judicial review. Judicial Review- Gives the SC the power to decide which laws are Constitutional. Judicial Review- Gives the SC the power to decide which laws are Constitutional.

9. Hamilton Vs. Burr Duel (1804) When two gentleman cannot settle an argument and ones honor is in question they use Pistols to settled it. Duel (1804) When two gentleman cannot settle an argument and ones honor is in question they use Pistols to settled it. Hamilton Supported Burr’s Opponent in the New York Governors race. Hamilton Supported Burr’s Opponent in the New York Governors race. Burr Challenges Hamilton and Kills him. Burr Challenges Hamilton and Kills him.

10. Hamilton vs. Burr

11. TOUSSAINT L’ OUVERTURE LEADS A SLAVE REVOLT AGAINST THE FRENCH LEADS A SLAVE REVOLT AGAINST THE FRENCH NAPOLEON SENDS 20,000 TROOPS NAPOLEON SENDS 20,000 TROOPS YELLOW FEVER AND L’OUVERTURE’S ARMY DEFEAT THE FRENCH YELLOW FEVER AND L’OUVERTURE’S ARMY DEFEAT THE FRENCH Slaves earn their freedom in France! Unfortunately Takes longer in the US! Slaves earn their freedom in France! Unfortunately Takes longer in the US! Because of trouble in France Napoleon needs Money and Allies! Which leeds to….? Because of trouble in France Napoleon needs Money and Allies! Which leeds to….?

12. TOUSSAINT L’ OUVERTURE

13. Louisiana Purchase Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana had its origins in his desire to Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana had its origins in his desire to Give the United States control over the Mississippi River Give the United States control over the Mississippi River Acquire a port to provide an outlet for western crops Acquire a port to provide an outlet for western crops Hoped to preserve an agricultural (agrarian) society by making abundant lands available to future generations Hoped to preserve an agricultural (agrarian) society by making abundant lands available to future generations To prevent war with France over control of the Louisiana Territory and secure American commerce To prevent war with France over control of the Louisiana Territory and secure American commerce

14. JEFFERSON WANTS NEW ORLEANS JEFFERSON SENDS JAMES MONROE & ROBERT LIVINGSTON TO PARIS. JEFFERSON SENDS JAMES MONROE & ROBERT LIVINGSTON TO PARIS. THEY ARE TO BUY NEW ORLEANS- CAN PAY AS MUCH AS $10 MILLION THEY ARE TO BUY NEW ORLEANS- CAN PAY AS MUCH AS $10 MILLION

15. Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803 April 30, 1803 Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris The United States paid $15 million for the land, roughly 4 cents per acre The United States paid $15 million for the land, roughly 4 cents per acre The purchase added 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi to the United States The purchase added 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi to the United States July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly announced July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly announced Original treaty can be found at: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_o riginals_iv/sections/louisiana_purchase_treaty.html

16. MORE… IF THE FRENCH REFUSE, MONROE IS TO FORM AN ALLIANCE WITH BRITAIN AGAINST FRANCE. IF THE FRENCH REFUSE, MONROE IS TO FORM AN ALLIANCE WITH BRITAIN AGAINST FRANCE.

17. Maps of the Louisiana Purchase The original maps can be found at: http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/hstaa432/lesson_4/louisiana.html

18. JEFFERSON’S PRINCIPLES GET IN THE WAY. JEFFERSON IS A STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST. JEFFERSON IS A STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST. MUST USE IMPLIED POWERS TO JUSTIFY THE DEAL. MUST USE IMPLIED POWERS TO JUSTIFY THE DEAL. FEDERALIST ATTACK JEFFERSON FOR STRETCHING THE CONSTITUTION. FEDERALIST ATTACK JEFFERSON FOR STRETCHING THE CONSTITUTION.

20. Lewis and Clark Expedition January 18, 1803 January 18, 1803 Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific May 1804 May 1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition Map of Lewis and Clark’s Route Original map can be found at: http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/maptrack_b.html

21. Lewis and Clark Expedition January 18, 1803 January 18, 1803 Jefferson sends a secret message to congress regarding the Lewis and Clark Expedition Jefferson sends a secret message to congress regarding the Lewis and Clark Expedition In this message Jefferson asks for permission to establish trading with the Indians In this message Jefferson asks for permission to establish trading with the Indians

22. LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION 1804-1806 LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION 1804-1806 ASCEND THE MISSOURI RIVER AND CROSS TO THE PACIFIC ASCEND THE MISSOURI RIVER AND CROSS TO THE PACIFIC SURVEY THE AREA AND ESTABLISH RELATIONS WITH THE INDIANS SURVEY THE AREA AND ESTABLISH RELATIONS WITH THE INDIANS

23. Embargo Act 1807 Forbade export of all goods from U.S. Jefferson got Congress to hastily pass the act Jefferson got Congress to hastily pass the act Reasoned that a U.S. embargo would force Britain & France to respect its rights. Reasoned that a U.S. embargo would force Britain & France to respect its rights. Loose construction of the Constitution Loose construction of the Constitution Congress' power to "regulate commerce" meant it could stop exports. Congress' power to "regulate commerce" meant it could stop exports. Undermined Jefferson’s states’ rights philosophy Undermined Jefferson’s states’ rights philosophy Embargo Act was a disaster to the U.S. economy. Why? We need foreign business more than they do. Embargo Act was a disaster to the U.S. economy. Why? We need foreign business more than they do. Non Intercourse Act (ended Embargo Act) Non Intercourse Act (ended Embargo Act) Formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except France and Britain Formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except France and Britain Remained U.S. policy until War of 1812. Remained U.S. policy until War of 1812.

24. JEFFERSON VS THE PASHA OF TRIPOLI JEFFERSON OPPOSED LARGE ARMIES AND NAVIES JEFFERSON OPPOSED LARGE ARMIES AND NAVIES A THREAT TO THE GOVERNMENT A THREAT TO THE GOVERNMENT Barbary Pirates take bribe money from US ships so that they don’t take their cargo. Barbary Pirates take bribe money from US ships so that they don’t take their cargo. Pirates demands increase Pirates demands increase Jefferson won’t pay them, and tries to over through the gov’t of Tripoli but does not succeed. Jefferson won’t pay them, and tries to over through the gov’t of Tripoli but does not succeed. Jefferson realizes that with out a real military our nation is at risk. Jefferson realizes that with out a real military our nation is at risk. AND EXPENSIVE AND EXPENSIVE Because of the failed gov’t over through we pay $60,000 in ransom. Because of the failed gov’t over through we pay $60,000 in ransom.

25. Evaluating Jefferson Positives Expands the size of the United States. “Louisiana Purchase” Expands the size of the United States. “Louisiana Purchase” Keeps US out of a costly war Keeps US out of a costly war Preserves neutrality Preserves neutrality Negatives Contradicts his own interpretation of the constitution. ~ Why? for the good of the country

26. JEFFERSON’S NAVAL POLICY LEADS TO WEAKNESS. JEFFS ARE TOO SMALL TO BE USEFUL JEFFS ARE TOO SMALL TO BE USEFUL WHEN THE WAR OF 1812 COMES WE MUST BUILD REAL SHIPS TO CONTEND WITH THE BRITISH. WHEN THE WAR OF 1812 COMES WE MUST BUILD REAL SHIPS TO CONTEND WITH THE BRITISH.

27. 1801 PASHA DECLARES WAR ON U.S. HOW WOULD JEFFERSON RESPOND? HOW WOULD JEFFERSON RESPOND? SENDS MARINES TO THE “SHORES OF TRIPOLI” SENDS MARINES TO THE “SHORES OF TRIPOLI” 1805 WAR ENDS - WE PAY $60,000 IN RANSOM. 1805 WAR ENDS - WE PAY $60,000 IN RANSOM. BUT SHOWED WE WOULD FIGHT. BUT SHOWED WE WOULD FIGHT.

28. MORE… 2500 MEN IN THE ARMY 2500 MEN IN THE ARMY BUILT “JEFFS” TO DEFEND THE COAST. SMALL BOATS W 1 GUN. BUILT “JEFFS” TO DEFEND THE COAST. SMALL BOATS W 1 GUN.

29. Louisiana Purchase cont’ Bought the land from Napoleon Bought the land from Napoleon $15 million $15 million As a strict constructionist, the Constitution did not authorize the President to negotiate treaties incorporating huge new expanses of land into the union. As a strict constructionist, the Constitution did not authorize the President to negotiate treaties incorporating huge new expanses of land into the union.

30. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE IN 1800 NAPOLEON GAINS CONTROL OF NEW ORLEANS FROM SPAIN. IN 1800 NAPOLEON GAINS CONTROL OF NEW ORLEANS FROM SPAIN. WITHDRAWS THE RIGHT OF DEPOSIT IN1802 WITHDRAWS THE RIGHT OF DEPOSIT IN1802

31. NAPOLEON OFFERS TO SELL ALL OF LOUISIANA PRICE $15 MILLION DOLLARS FOR ALL THE LAND BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI & THE ROCKY MTS. PRICE $15 MILLION DOLLARS FOR ALL THE LAND BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI & THE ROCKY MTS. LIVINGSTON SIGNS THE DEAL APRIL 30, 1803 LIVINGSTON SIGNS THE DEAL APRIL 30, 1803 828,000 SQ MILES (3CENTS AN ACRE. 828,000 SQ MILES (3CENTS AN ACRE.

32. Louisiana Yet Again Jefferson reluctantly submitted the treaties to the Senate while privately admitting the purchase as unconstitutional. Jefferson reluctantly submitted the treaties to the Senate while privately admitting the purchase as unconstitutional. Senate promptly ratified the treaty Senate promptly ratified the treaty Land-hungry Americans jubilantly supported the purchase Land-hungry Americans jubilantly supported the purchase Federalist opposition (typical of "loyal opposition" up to the present) Federalist opposition (typical of "loyal opposition" up to the present) Ironically argued for strict construction: President did not have power to purchase LA. Ironically argued for strict construction: President did not have power to purchase LA. Ironically claimed LA would cost too much especially when balancing budget was a goal Ironically claimed LA would cost too much especially when balancing budget was a goal Real reason: worried that western lands would be loyal to Jefferson’s Republicans.. Real reason: worried that western lands would be loyal to Jefferson’s Republicans..

33. Jefferson’s Legacy Expansion became prime goal Expansion became prime goal Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic government Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic government Total defeat of Federalists by 1816 Total defeat of Federalists by 1816 Jefferson kept the country out of a damaging European war Jefferson kept the country out of a damaging European war War of 1812 not until late in Madison’s first term. War of 1812 not until late in Madison’s first term.

34. CONSEQUENCES OF THE DEAL DOUBLED THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES. DOUBLED THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES. GAINED A RICH RIVER VALLEY GAINED A RICH RIVER VALLEY SECURED NEW ORLEANS AND THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. SECURED NEW ORLEANS AND THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. JEFFERSON CALLED IT “THE VALLEY OF DEMOCRACY.” JEFFERSON CALLED IT “THE VALLEY OF DEMOCRACY.”

35. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE IS JEFFERSON’S GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT AS PRESIDENT.