1. The Industrial Revolution

2. What was the industrial revolution? Where did it start? Why England? Why did it start? What changed as a result?

3. What is the Industrial Revolution? What was the industrial revolution? –Change in economic and social thought –Began in the late 18 th century in England. –Characterized by the introduction of power-driven machines to replace hand tools and by the focus on industry and production in large amounts What was different? –Machines coordinated to make goods –Energy from non-animal sources –Industry grew 4 times faster –Living conditions and wages increased

4. -Why are there so few cities in 1800? -Why are there many more cities in 1900?

5. Why England? Factors in England –Agricultural Revolution –Population Growth –Financial & Legal Conditions –Natural Resources –Empire Size/Connection/Trade

6. Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way –Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers. –Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods Seed Drill Crop Rotation Horse and steel plow Fertilizer use Yields improved 300% 1700-1850

7. Population Growth Agricultural Revolution leads to increased population –How? Increased population creates a larger work force –How? Larger work force creates larger buying power –(people have $$) Larger work force and larger buying power = increased profits for business –More likely to grow/invest

8. Financial and Legal Conditions No internal tariffs (tax on goods) New patent law encouraged invention Central bank (stable economy) Plenty of capital ($ for investment)

9. Natural Resources England had bountiful resources –Coal (source of heat for iron production and steam engines) –Navigable rivers (80% of population less than 20 miles from a river) –Iron Ore (strong structures, railroad ties, base mineral for iron and steel)

10. Effects of the Industrial Revolution

11. Size of English empire guaranteed: –Large work force –Cheap natural resources –Large markets to trade

13. What changed? Water emerged as energy source Steam engine created power for factory work Iron industry energy crisis –Lack of wood –Coal discovered Iron and steel production increases Railroads utilized steam engines to open new markets Production Changes –Cottage System to Factory System

14. Cottage System v Factory System Hand made products Products created by workers at home No power Workers stretched cotton, spun thread, created textiles (did ALL jobs) Inefficient Power-driven machine made products All under one roof Central power source Specialized jobs with specific hours, tasks, etc. Extremely efficient

15. Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution The Need for Iron:  Farm tools, factory machines, railways The Need for Coal:  powers steam engines, used to smelt iron—(makes a more pure iron)Effect: combined  Britain produced more iron than all of other countries of world combined

16. Transportation The Need for Better Transportation:  Pre-Industrial transportation relied on horses, mules, dirt roads  Factory owners want to move goods quickly & cheaply to increased profitsInnovations:  Stone, asphalt roads  Canals—man-made rivers  Railroad—first built in 1829

18. Transportation Effects of Railroads:  Expanded rapidly throughout Britain  Cheaper transportation increased production & profits in factories  RR increased other industries: coal, steam engines, iron, steel

19. England vs. Continental Europe

20. Effects of the Revolution Effects: –Technology increased –Population increased –Life expectancy increased –New social classes emerge –# of products produced increased –Spending $ (of consumers) increased Results: –Industrialization spreads (to Europe, America, etc.) –Global Economy (based on international trade) is created –Mercantilism Dies!!! –Division/rift created between Industrialized and Agricultural Nations