1. The Industrial Revolution
Origins and Causes of the Industrial
Revolution in Great Britain

2. The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
…took place during the 18th and 19th centuries, was a period during which mostly agricultural and rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.
* Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production.
* The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking.
* While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.

3. What are the ORIGINS of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
* What are the ORIGINS of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain? (EQ #1)
1.) An Agrarian Revolution that changed farming in Europe!
2.) Population Growth in Great Britain during the 18th century!
3.) The British Empire had a wide Supply of Markets…
4.) Great Britain had the ability to make Capital Investments!
5.) Geography, Natural Resources and a Strong Navy…
6.) A strong, supportive and stable Government allowed for growth!

4. Agrarian Revolution
* Europe underwent an agricultural revolution… which would help lead to the industrial revolution!
1.) The Enclosure Movement spread to England in the 17th century (process of privatizing ‘common land’) – wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers!
* Movement led to:
1.) Larger farms
2.) More efficient farms
Although serfdom in England had disappeared by the end of the seventeenth century, most farms were established on "common land" which local farmers typically leased from a wealthy proprietor who owned large areas of land in a district. There were, however, rules which prevented a landlord from expelling a tenant without a reasonable cause, and so farms could be passed down through a peasant family for generations.
Traditionally, the land was divided into long narrow strips which grew smaller as the land was split into more parts for each succeeding generation. When new methods of agriculture began to be developed, it became clear that they would be more efficient with larger plots of land. Enclosure is defined as "the process of inclosing (with fences, ditches, hedges, or other barriers) land formerly subject to common rights" (Inclosure).
This meant that the land that peasants had been cultivating on their own was returned to the control of the landowners and redistributed. Scavenging on someone else's land became illegal, and small farmers (who had no political influence and were generally given the poorer plots) often lost access to wood and water (Enclosure Acts).
Although the process was not standardized until the General Enclosure Act of 1801 (Inclosure), many private acts had been passed since the 1750's and enclosure had been common for well over a century before. The urbanization of the English population was largely fueled by dispossessed peasants who moved to the city in the hopes of finding new work (Kreis).
3.) Urbanization
* THINK – “WHY did the ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT have these effects?”

5. Agrarian Revolution
2.) Charles ‘Turnip’ Townsend: wealthy landlord from Norfolk – encouraged crop rotation
* grow more crops and get a better yield from the land (if a crop was not rotated, the nutrient level in the field would go down – yield of the crop from the field decreased)
* What did this new technique lead to?
1.) Increased food for animals
2.) …more manure = better crops
Although serfdom in England had disappeared by the end of the seventeenth century, most farms were established on "common land" which local farmers typically leased from a wealthy proprietor who owned large areas of land in a district. There were, however, rules which prevented a landlord from expelling a tenant without a reasonable cause, and so farms could be passed down through a peasant family for generations.
Traditionally, the land was divided into long narrow strips which grew smaller as the land was split into more parts for each succeeding generation. When new methods of agriculture began to be developed, it became clear that they would be more efficient with larger plots of land. Enclosure is defined as "the process of inclosing (with fences, ditches, hedges, or other barriers) land formerly subject to common rights" (Inclosure).
This meant that the land that peasants had been cultivating on their own was returned to the control of the landowners and redistributed. Scavenging on someone else's land became illegal, and small farmers (who had no political influence and were generally given the poorer plots) often lost access to wood and water (Enclosure Acts).
Although the process was not standardized until the General Enclosure Act of 1801 (Inclosure), many private acts had been passed since the 1750's and enclosure had been common for well over a century before. The urbanization of the English population was largely fueled by dispossessed peasants who moved to the city in the hopes of finding new work (Kreis).
* Beneficial agricultural cycle!

6. Agrarian Revolution
3.) Jethro Tull perfected the seed drill (1701) that economically sowed the seeds in neat rows… (more seed taking root = more crops)
* Tull's methods were adopted by English landowners (helped form the basis of modern agriculture)
4.) Robert Bakewell, 18th century English Agriculturalist, well known for selective breeding of sheep and cattle (larger cattle, better cattle = more food!)
Although serfdom in England had disappeared by the end of the seventeenth century, most farms were established on "common land" which local farmers typically leased from a wealthy proprietor who owned large areas of land in a district. There were, however, rules which prevented a landlord from expelling a tenant without a reasonable cause, and so farms could be passed down through a peasant family for generations.
Traditionally, the land was divided into long narrow strips which grew smaller as the land was split into more parts for each succeeding generation. When new methods of agriculture began to be developed, it became clear that they would be more efficient with larger plots of land. Enclosure is defined as "the process of inclosing (with fences, ditches, hedges, or other barriers) land formerly subject to common rights" (Inclosure).
This meant that the land that peasants had been cultivating on their own was returned to the control of the landowners and redistributed. Scavenging on someone else's land became illegal, and small farmers (who had no political influence and were generally given the poorer plots) often lost access to wood and water (Enclosure Acts).
Although the process was not standardized until the General Enclosure Act of 1801 (Inclosure), many private acts had been passed since the 1750's and enclosure had been common for well over a century before. The urbanization of the English population was largely fueled by dispossessed peasants who moved to the city in the hopes of finding new work (Kreis).
* Before the seed drill, common practice was to plant seeds by hand… besides being wasteful, planting was imprecise and led to a poor distribution of seeds, leading to low productivity!

7. Population Growth * The Agrarian Revolution: 1.) …MORE FOOD!
2.) = MORE people being fed!
3.) = MORE people surviving! …MORE stability throughout society
4.) Enclosures sent people out of countryside into Cities
* Factors led to a population boom in Great Britain during the 18th century!

8. British Empire and the Supply of Markets
* …world’s leading colonial power, which meant that its colonies could serve as a source for raw materials, as well as a marketplace for manufactured goods!
* Population boom caused domestic demand to rise
…MORE people need MORE food, clothes, etc.
“A market is any place where the sellers of a good or service can meet with the buyers of that good or service where there is potential for a transaction to take place.”

9. Capital Investments
* British colonial expansion during the 17th century led to the development of international trade, the creation of new financial markets and the accumulation of capital!
* NEW WEALTH allowed for entrepreneurs to make large investments of capital into the textile, coal mining and metal industries
* EXAMPLE: “The textile industry, for instance, relied on raw material from America; finished goods were sold internally but also abroad, especially in India, where British colonial rule was able virtually to destroy the once flourishing Indian textile industry by forbidding the export of Indian textiles.”
* “WHAT IS CAPITAL?” material wealth… in the form of money or property.

10. Geography, Natural Resources and a Strong Navy
1.) RIVERS and CANALS for TRANSPORTATION and WATER POWER
2.) GREAT BRITAIN as an Island… Ports enabled TRADE
3.) Coal provided for FUEL
4.) Iron ORE strengthened MANUFACTURING
5.) Population provided for WORKERS
6.) STRONG NAVY to protect economy
NATURAL RESOURCES: “naturally occurring exploitable material” (coal, wood, water, minerals, etc.)

11. …led to a very large and free peasantry/working class in England!
strong, supportive and stable Government
* Great Britain used their political stability to their advantage; STRONG EMPIRE, stable government at home and government that was supportive of laissez-faire economics!
1.) Out of ALL the wars that had been fought during the 17th and 18th centuries – how many were fought in ENGLAND?
2.) Great Britain had abolished feudalism (1660) – no feudal class to hold back the working class!
…led to a very large and free peasantry/working class in England!