1. (LITERATURE 563-571) The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century: 1660-1800

2. Charles II (1630-1685) Son of executed Charles I Returned from France in 1660 No legitimate heirs Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Helped overthrow/execute Charles I Established Commonwealth (1649-1660) “Lord Protector”

3. The Reign of Charles Sophisticated Society  Emulated sophisticated French society  Patron of the arts and sciences Restoration Politics  Initially supported by Parliament  Weathered Great Plague of 1665 and Great Fire on London  Political rivalries resurface: Tories and Whigs

4. Royalty and the People William & Mary, 1688  Political and religious conflict under James II  Glorious Revolution  Parliament over divine rights of King  William and Mary take the throne  Act of Settlement  bars Catholics from English throne Anne, 1702  Unites England and Scotland  Great Britain  Last Stuart monarch

5. Restoration/18 th Century Monarchs James II (1685-1688) Anne (1702-1714)George I (1714-1727) William and Mary (1689- 1702)

6. The House of Hanover  George I  German speaking; supported by Whigs  George II  Named Robert Walpole 1 st Prime Minister  Victory over France in 7 Years War (acq. French Canada)  George III  Suffered mental illness that affected political relationships  Lost American colonies Royalty and the People

7. Restoration/18 th Century Monarchs George II (1727-1760)George III (1760-1820) George IV (1820-1830) William IV (1830-1837)

8. The Age of Reason Also known as The Enlightenment  Used scientific reasoning to understand the world, including natural events Scientific Method  Developed by Sir Isaac Newton  Suggested universe operated on scientific principles  Inspired other scientists to search for these principles in other areas of study

9. Enlightened Philosophies  Applied Newtonian principles to human nature (politics, economics, society)  John Locke  Encouraged people to use logic to rid themselves of unjust authority  Asserted the right of citizens to revolt against unfair governments  Rejected divine right of kings Living Well  Improved quality of life  Inoculations & vaccinations  Coffeehouses & salons The Age of Reason

10. Social Observers Growing middle class demands middlebrow literature, reflecting concerns of everyday life  Popularity of journalism: fact & opinions  Birth of the novel  Modeled after nonfiction forms  Diaries, journals, letters

11. Satirical Voices Neoclassicism (Augustan Age)  1 st half of 18 th Century  Modeled ancient Greek and Roman classics  Stressed balance, order, logic, emotional restraint  Used satire to point out flaws in society needing change  Horatian – gentle, playful, sympathetic  Juvenalian – dark, biting, sarcastic  Restoration comedies of manners

12. “For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.” Alexander Pope “I never wonder to see men wicked, but I often wonder to see them not ashamed.” Jonathan Swift

13. Text Analysis: Satire A literary technique in which behaviors or institutions are ridiculed for the purpose of improving society Developed in ancient Greece and Roman 18 th Century = “golden age of satire” View of 18 th century satirists:  “guardians of the culture” – sought to protect their highly developed civilization from hypocrisy, arrogance, greed, vanity, stupidity  “our physician, not our enemy”

14. Characteristics of Satire Exposes an oddity or problem in an imaginative, often humorous way Targets social and political problems, usually. Satirical techniques  Irony  Sarcasm  Exaggeration / hyperbole  Understatement Types  Horatian – playfully amusing; urbane (sophisticated)  Juvenalian – dark, sarcastic (biting)

15. Strategies for Reading Satire Determine the object of the satire Infer what the satirist believes is right and proper Watch for irony, which often points of the object of satire Pay attention to anything that is exaggerated or understated Evaluate the style and tone:  Horatian /playful and sympathetic  Juvenalian /bitter and critical

16. The Age of Johnson 2 nd half of 18 th Century Tribute to Samuel Johnson  Influential literary figure Nonfiction flourished  Style: clear, accurate, eloquent, persuasive Poetry enters a transitional phase  Style: simpler, freer lyrics on subjects close to human heart  Precursors to Romanticism

17. The Rise of Women Excluded from universities and places of intellectual discussion Formed salons (private gatherings for philosophical discourse)  “Bluestockings” Women writers often published their own works. Some women openly challenged the role of women in society.