1. The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY

2. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other. FORMFORM Other terms include shape, structure, and appearance.Other terms include shape, structure, and appearance.

3. PHYSIOLOGY The scientific study of the functioning of specific body parts and systems.The scientific study of the functioning of specific body parts and systems. FUNCTIONFUNCTION

4. Fathers of Anatomy and Physiology

5. Fathers of anatomy and physiology

7. Plastination

9. Levels of Organization Chemical LevelChemical Level Cellular LevelCellular Level Tissue LevelTissue Level Organ LevelOrgan Level System LevelSystem Level Organism LevelOrganism Level

10. Levels of Organization

11. Chemical Level All chemical substances essential for maintaining life – atoms-compounds- molecules.All chemical substances essential for maintaining life – atoms-compounds- molecules. Major ElementsMajor Elements C - carbonC - carbon H - hydrogenH - hydrogen O - oxygenO - oxygen N - nitrogenN - nitrogen

12. Cellular Level The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. Each cell has a unique structure and function.Each cell has a unique structure and function. Muscle cellsMuscle cells Nerve cellsNerve cells Blood cellsBlood cells Cartilage cellsCartilage cells

13. Tissue Level Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function.Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function. Usually derived from a common embryonic origin.Usually derived from a common embryonic origin. Four Major Tissue TypesFour Major Tissue Types Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Connective TissueConnective Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue

14. Epithelial tissue Cover or line body surfacesCover or line body surfaces The outer layer of the skin and sweat glands are examples of this tissueThe outer layer of the skin and sweat glands are examples of this tissue Internal layers of epithelial tissue includes walls of capillariesInternal layers of epithelial tissue includes walls of capillaries

16. Connective tissue Connect and support parts of the bodyConnect and support parts of the body Some transport and store materialSome transport and store material Blood, Bone, cartilage and adipose tissue are examples of thisBlood, Bone, cartilage and adipose tissue are examples of this

17. Muscle tissues Are specialized for contractionAre specialized for contraction This creates movement, like flexion and extensionThis creates movement, like flexion and extension Skeletal muscles and the heart are examples of thisSkeletal muscles and the heart are examples of this

18. Nervous tissue Specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functionsSpecialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions Brain and optic nerves are examples of nervous tissueBrain and optic nerves are examples of nervous tissue

19. Organ Level Structures composed of two or more different tissues.Structures composed of two or more different tissues. Have specific functions.Have specific functions. Usually have recognizable shapesUsually have recognizable shapes HeartHeart BrainBrain KidneyKidney LiverLiver

20. System Level An association of organs that have a common function.An association of organs that have a common function. Digestive SystemDigestive System Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System Nervous SystemNervous System Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

21. Organism Level All body systems are functioning with one another as a living individual.

22. Position Descriptors Superior (Cranial)Superior (Cranial) Inferior (Caudal)Inferior (Caudal) Anterior (Ventral)Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal)Posterior (Dorsal) MedialMedial LateralLateral ProximalProximal DistalDistal

23. Position Descriptors

24. Dorsal Ventral

25. Movement Descriptors flexionflexion extensionextension hyperextensionhyperextension abductionabduction adductionadduction plantar flexionplantar flexion dorsiflexiondorsiflexion circumductioncircumduction supination (LR) pronation (MR) inversion eversion elevation depression protraction retraction

26. Planes Fixed lines of reference along which the body or organ is often divided to facilitate viewing.

27. Body Planes

28. Sagittal Plane A vertical plane which divides the body or structure into right and left sections.

29. Sagittal Section of Thorax

30. MRI of Brain

31. Mid-Sagittal Plane A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into equal right and left halves.

32. Frontal (Coronal) Plane A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into anterior and posterior sections

33. X-Ray: Frontal View

34. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane A horizontal plane which divides a body or structure into superior and inferior sections.

35. Transverse Plane (Cross Section)

36. Chest CT Scan

37. Brain MRI

38. Planes - Overview

39. Draw a Body So for the next 15 minutes I want you to draw three separate bodies and mark all planes and descriptors for those planes using only your anatomical terms sheet.

40. Metabolism The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

41. Metabolism Is all of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place in the body.Is all of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place in the body. IncludesIncludes GrowingGrowing RepairingRepairing ReactingReacting ReproducingReproducing

42. Metabolism Comes from the Greek work meaning “CHANGE”Comes from the Greek work meaning “CHANGE”

43. Metabolic rate The speed at which the body produces energy or heat.The speed at which the body produces energy or heat.

44. Anabolism Using energy to synthesize or manufacture new tissue or molecules.

45. Anabolism FORMATIONFORMATION

46. Catabolism The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures to produce or generate energy.

47. Catabolism DECOMPOSTIONDECOMPOSTION

48. BODY CAVITIES Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs.

49. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial CavityCranial Cavity Contains the brainContains the brain Spinal (Vertebral) CavitySpinal (Vertebral) Cavity Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects the spinal cord.Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects the spinal cord.

50. Dorsal Body Cavities Are completely enclosed by protective boneAre completely enclosed by protective bone Are continuous; meaning no wall or boundary separates themAre continuous; meaning no wall or boundary separates them

51. Dorsal Body Cavity

52. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity Pleural membranes (2)Pleural membranes (2) MediastinumMediastinum Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity

53. Thoracic Cavity Incudes heart and lungsIncudes heart and lungs Pleural membranesPleural membranes Parietal Pleura lines the chest wallParietal Pleura lines the chest wall Visceral pleura covers the lungsVisceral pleura covers the lungs

54. Thoracic Cavity

55. Mediastinum The area in the thoracic cavity between the lungs where the heart is locatedThe area in the thoracic cavity between the lungs where the heart is located

56. Mediastinum

57. Pericardial membranes 3 layers3 layers Fibrous pericardiumFibrous pericardium Loose fitting sac of strong fibrous connective tissueLoose fitting sac of strong fibrous connective tissue Parietal pericardiumParietal pericardium Lines fibrous pericardiumLines fibrous pericardium Visceral pericardiumVisceral pericardium On the surface of the heartOn the surface of the heart

58. Pericardial membrane

60. Body Cavities

61. Abdominopelvic Quadrants The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into quadrants.The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into quadrants. Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.

62. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines.Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines. Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrantsFunctionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants RUQ - Right Upper QuadrantRUQ - Right Upper Quadrant LUQ - Left Upper QuadrantLUQ - Left Upper Quadrant RLQ - Right Lower QuadrantRLQ - Right Lower Quadrant LLQ - Left Lower QuadrantLLQ - Left Lower Quadrant

63. Quadrants and Organs RUQ – liver, gallbladder, right kidneyRUQ – liver, gallbladder, right kidney LUQ – stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidneyLUQ – stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney RLQ – appendix, right ovaryRLQ – appendix, right ovary LLQ – left ovaryLLQ – left ovary

64. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

65. Homeostasis The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment within prescribed physiological limits.

66. Parameters Maintained in Homeostasis gas concentrationsgas concentrations temperaturetemperature pressurepressure pH (acidity)pH (acidity) nutrientsnutrients waterwater

67. STRESS Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.Any factor which disrupts homeostasis. Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in the body’s internal environmentAny stimulus which creates an imbalance in the body’s internal environment Anything that causes stress - StressorAnything that causes stress - Stressor PhysicalPhysical EmotionalEmotional MetabolicMetabolic EnvironmentalEnvironmental

68. External Stressors HeatHeat ColdCold NoiseNoise LightLight ExerciseExercise

69. Internal Stressors PainPain TumorsTumors High blood pressureHigh blood pressure Chemical imbalancesChemical imbalances Unpleasant thoughtsUnpleasant thoughts

70. Feedback Mechanisms Any circular situation in which information about something is monitored and sent to a control center

71. Components of a Feedback Mechanism Control CenterControl Center An area that receives information about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response.An area that receives information about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response. ReceptorReceptor An area or structure that monitors a controlled condition.An area or structure that monitors a controlled condition. EffectorEffector Structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition.Structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition.

72. Feedback Mechanisms

73. Types of Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory) The response counteracts the input.The response counteracts the input. The most common feedback mechanism.The most common feedback mechanism. Examples:Examples: blood pressureblood pressure blood sugar regulationblood sugar regulation cardiac outputcardiac output temperature regulationtemperature regulation Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory) The response is intensified by the input.The response is intensified by the input. Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and blood clotting.Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and blood clotting.

74. Negative Feedback System

75. Positive Feedback System