1. The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMYandPHYSIOLOGY

2. ANATOMY The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other. FORMFORM Other terms include shape, structure, and appearance.Other terms include shape, structure, and appearance.

3. PHYSIOLOGY The scientific study of the functioning of specific body parts and systems.The scientific study of the functioning of specific body parts and systems. FUNCTIONFUNCTION

4. Levels of Organization Chemical LevelChemical Level Cellular LevelCellular Level Tissue LevelTissue Level Organ LevelOrgan Level System LevelSystem Level Organism LevelOrganism Level

5. Levels of Organization

6. Chemical Level All chemical substances essential for maintaining life – atoms-compounds- molecules.All chemical substances essential for maintaining life – atoms-compounds- molecules. Major ElementsMajor Elements C - carbonC - carbon H - hydrogenH - hydrogen O - oxygenO - oxygen N - nitrogenN - nitrogen

7. Cellular Level The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. Each cell has a unique structure and function.Each cell has a unique structure and function. Muscle cellsMuscle cells Nerve cellsNerve cells Blood cellsBlood cells Cartilage cellsCartilage cells

8. Tissue Level Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function.Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function. Usually derived from a common embryonic origin.Usually derived from a common embryonic origin. Four Major Tissue TypesFour Major Tissue Types Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Connective TissueConnective Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue

9. Organ Level Structures composed of two or more different tissues.Structures composed of two or more different tissues. Have specific functions.Have specific functions. Usually have recognizable shapesUsually have recognizable shapes HeartHeart BrainBrain KidneyKidney LiverLiver

10. System Level An association of organs that have a common function.An association of organs that have a common function. Digestive SystemDigestive System Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System Nervous SystemNervous System Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

11. Organism Level All body systems are functioning with one another as a living individual.

12. Metabolism The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

13. Anabolism Using energy to synthesize or manufacture new tissue or molecules.

14. Catabolism The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures to produce or generate energy.

15. Position Descriptors Superior (Cranial)Superior (Cranial) Inferior (Caudal)Inferior (Caudal) Anterior (Ventral)Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal)Posterior (Dorsal) MedialMedial LateralLateral

16. Position Descriptors ProximalProximal DistalDistal SuperficialSuperficial DeepDeep ProneProne SupineSupine

17. Position Descriptors

18. Anatomical Terms

19. Movement Descriptors flexionflexion extensionextension hyperextensionhyperextension adductionadduction abductionabduction plantar flexionplantar flexion dorsiflexiondorsiflexion Supination (LR)Supination (LR) pronation (MR) inversion eversion elevation depression protraction retraction circumduction

20. Planes Fixed lines of reference along which the body or organ is often divided to facilitate viewing.

21. Body Planes

22. Sagittal Plane A vertical plane which divides the body or structure into right and left sections.

23. Sagittal Section of Thorax

24. MRI of Brain

25. Mid-Sagittal Plane A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into equal right and left halves.

26. Frontal (Coronal) Plane A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into anterior and posterior sections

27. X-Ray: Frontal View

28. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane A horizontal plane which divides a body or structure into superior and inferior sections.

29. Transverse Plane (Cross Section)

30. Chest CT Scan

31. Brain MRI

32. Planes - Overview

33. BODY CAVITIES Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs.

34. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial CavityCranial Cavity Contains the brainContains the brain Spinal (Vertebral) CavitySpinal (Vertebral) Cavity Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects the spinal cord.Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects the spinal cord.

35. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity Pleural cavities (2)Pleural cavities (2) MediastinumMediastinum Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity

36. Body Cavities

37. Abdominopelvic Quadrants The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into quadrants.The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into quadrants. Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.

38. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines.Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines. Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrantsFunctionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants RUQ - Right Upper QuadrantRUQ - Right Upper Quadrant LUQ - Left Upper QuadrantLUQ - Left Upper Quadrant RLQ - Right Lower QuadrantRLQ - Right Lower Quadrant LLQ - Left Lower QuadrantLLQ - Left Lower Quadrant

39. Quadrants and Organs RUQ – liver, gallbladder, right kidneyRUQ – liver, gallbladder, right kidney LUQ – stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidneyLUQ – stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney RLQ – appendix, right ovaryRLQ – appendix, right ovary LLQ – left ovaryLLQ – left ovary

40. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

41. Homeostasis The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment within prescribed physiological limits.

42. Parameters Maintained in Homeostasis gas concentrationsgas concentrations temperaturetemperature pressurepressure pH (acidity)pH (acidity) nutrientsnutrients waterwater

43. STRESS Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.Any factor which disrupts homeostasis. Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in the body’s internal environmentAny stimulus which creates an imbalance in the body’s internal environment Anything that causes stress - StressorAnything that causes stress - Stressor PhysicalPhysical EmotionalEmotional MetabolicMetabolic EnvironmentalEnvironmental

44. External Stressors HeatHeat ColdCold NoiseNoise LightLight ExerciseExercise

45. Internal Stressors PainPain TumorsTumors High blood pressureHigh blood pressure Chemical imbalancesChemical imbalances Unpleasant thoughtsUnpleasant thoughts

46. Feedback Mechanisms Any circular situation in which information about something is monitored and sent to a control center

47. Components of a Feedback Mechanism Control CenterControl Center An area that receives information about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response.An area that receives information about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response. ReceptorReceptor An area or structure that monitors a controlled condition.An area or structure that monitors a controlled condition. EffectorEffector Structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition.Structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition.

48. Feedback Mechanisms

49. Types of Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory) The response counteracts the input.The response counteracts the input. The most common feedback mechanism.The most common feedback mechanism. Examples:Examples: blood pressureblood pressure blood sugar regulationblood sugar regulation cardiac outputcardiac output temperature regulationtemperature regulation Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory) The response is intensified by the input.The response is intensified by the input. Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and blood clotting.Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and blood clotting.

50. Negative Feedback System

51. Positive Feedback System