1. Journal What is social class? What are some indicators of social class?

2. The Emergence of Mass Society Chapter 20: Section 2

3. The New Urban Environment By the end of the 19 th cent. – the new industrial world had led to the emergence of a mass society in which the concerns of the majority of the population (the lower class) were central. More people lived in cities (Urban populations grew as much as 30% in Europe) At the end of the 19 th cent the population in London grew from 960,000 to 6.5 million

4. The New Urban Environment Urban populations grew bc of vast migration to cities from rural areas(More jobs available in cities) Living conditions improved and people survived longer – City governments created boards of health to improve the quality of housing – Medical officers and building inspectors checked for health hazards – Running water and internal drainage required – Gas and electric heaters made hot baths available to people

5. The Experiences of Women From the beginning of the 19 th century women constantly struggled to change their status and roles in society Most of the 19 th cent- men said that women should stay out of industrial work to ensure the moral and physical well being of families 2 nd Industrial Revolution opened the door for new jobs for women

6. The Experiences of Women Took jobs in industrial plants, retail shops, and offices (would be typists, clerks, secretaries, and phone operators) 19 th century belief: – “Man for the field and women for the hearth: Man for the sword and for the needle she: Man with the head and women with the heart: Man to command and women to obey…”

7. The Experiences of Women Throughout the 1800’s marriage remained the only honorable and available career for most women The family was the central institution of middle class life- fostered idea of togetherness Working class and middle class women differed: – Most working class women had to earn money to support their families

8. The Experiences of Women However, between 1890 and 1914 family patterns among working class changed- higher paying jobs and improvements on the standard of living made it possible for families to depend on husband. New products became available to working class families like sewing machines and cast iron stoves

9. The Movement for Women’s Rights Feminism had taken form since the Enlightenment and were not very successful until the late 19 th cent Women such as Amalie Sieveking, Florence Nightingale, and Clara Barton transformed nursing into a profession for middle class women. In the mid 19 th cent- movement for equal rights for women expanded to political rights Women’s Social and Political Union formed in 1903

10. Universal Education Universal education was a product of the mass society in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries It was usually only for the elite and wealthy middle class Between 1870 and 1914- govs began to set up state financed primary schools for boys and girls (ages 6-12 required to attend) State govs also trained teachers

11. Universal Education Why did Western nations make this commitment to public education? One reason was Industrialization In the 2 nd Industrial Revolution- trained skilled labor was needed Educated boys and girls had new job possibilities –railways, post offices, teaching, and nursing.

12. Universal Education Chief motive for public education was political Giving people the right to vote created a need for well educated voters Patriotism was instilled in the education system Most elementary teachers were women

13. Universal Education Most immediate result of public education was literacy With rise in literacy came the mass production of newspapers

14. New Forms of Leisure Soon new activities which distracted people from the realities of their work came into play bc of the S. I. R Amusement parks, team sports, dance halls, and festivals Things like amusement parks and professional sports teams were essentially big businesses organized to make profits

15. Writing Response Is universal education necessary? Should everyone receive or be required to receive an equal education? Why or why not?