1. AP World History POD #19 – Revolutions in Europe Modern European Urbanization

2. Class Discussion Questions McKay – “Taming the City”, pp. 787-795 McKay – “Rich and Poor and Those In Between”, pp. 796- 805 McKay – “Science and Thought”, pp. 812-817

3. Describe the living and working conditions of the typical European city circa 1850? Western society was urban and industrial in 1900 as surely as it had been rural and agrarian in 1800 By 1850 working conditions were improving and real wages were rising for the masses of the population, and they continued to do so until 1914 most cities were small, dirty, crowded, and unhealthy most were designed to be walking cities (only available option for the poor) disease spread rapidly as a result of high population and poor sanitary conditions these conditions became hyper-exaggerated during the Industrial Revolution Industry caused further population in already crowded cities lack of public transportation caused overcrowding- people had to live close to work so they could walk lack of local and national sanitary and building codes

4. What changes were made to the design and function of European cities after 1850? Edwin Chadwick became a leader in this movement in Great Britain Cities began to tear down the old structures in towns and replace them with open boulevards and parks (this was done in large part to prevent revolutionaries from creating street barricades as they had done in 1848) New streets were supplemented with better housing Zoning laws were imposed to allow the majority to impose sanitation improvements on the reluctant minority Mass transportation allowed the population to spread out (first horse drawn, then later electric street cars)

5. What is germ theory and how did this impact the design of the cities? All of these improvements were supported as necessary by the newly discovered germ theory. Louis Pasteur discovered the presence of living organisms during the fermentation process. This led to the adoption of the antiseptic principle advocated by Joseph Lister. This helped to lead to improved health and sanitation in the cities. This would correlate to a dramatic decline in mortality rates.

6. What new socio-economic stratifications came about during this era? with urbanization rigid class distinctions began to disappear as one group slowly melded into the next 1. Aristocracy- historical landed elite 2. Middle Class- –Upper- most successful business families / as their wealth grew they abandoned their earlier radical / purchased all the trappings of wealth (especially property from the cash strapped aristocracy) – Middle- moderately successful industrialists and professionals – Lower- independent shopkeepers, small traders, etc / white collar professionals – New Additions to the Middle Class - industrial and technological experts / private and public managers 3. Working Class (80% of population) 3. Working Class (80% of population) - Highly Skilled / Labor Aristocracy - highly skilled / commanded highest wages highest wages - Semi-Skilled- factory workers - Unskilled- day laborers *** Group / Job status in any of these groups was constantly in flux

7. How were gender roles defined during this era? Men - family wage earners Women- focused on the home and children / no legal status / well paying jobs were out of reach and off limits / discrimination in education and employment / occasionally did piece work reminiscent of the putting out system The woman’s role in the home came to be dominant as she was responsible for the well- being of family and therefore controlled spending

8. What new idea was advocated by Charles Darwin? naturalist who came to doubt the divine creation of species believing they had gradually evolved evolution through a “struggle for survival” or “survival of the fittest” the strongest members of species would survive and reproduce further enhancing the strong traits that had allowed the species to survive On the Origins of Species by the Means of Natural Selection (1859)

9. What is social Darwinism? theory that natural selection was applied to humans the poor were ill fated and would disappear while the rich were strong and would prosper This theory became one of the rationales used to justify Europe’s imperialist policies around the world