1. Africa in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade Inspired by Mr. Millhouse; Hebron High School

2. I. Sugar and Slaves  1620s & 30s – GB, F, NL settled West Indies islands.  Chartered Corp developed WI colonies  Cheap passage for poor Europeans => indentured servants  Ex. Barbados  1640s: Grew tobacco, then switched to Sugar; better profit by 1680s  By 1700 Barbados surpassed Brazil Grew: Tobacco- Sugar

3. II. Volume of the Slave Trade  15 th century -minimal: to islands off Africa’s coast plantations  16 th c.. – small  17 th C.  1 st half of 17 th c. increase to 10,000 per year  2 nd half of 17 th c. increase to 20,000.  >1/2 landed in GB, F, NL colonies  18 th c. most of trade  7 million slaves, 80% of all trade  19 th c. slows down, under attack,  still exports to Cuba & Brazil (1.7 million)\  Muslim areas - Trans-Saharan, Red Sea, East Africa  3 million slaves traded

4. III. Switch to Slaves  Tobacco –farmers preferred Europeans  Cheaper = willing to accept low pay in return for land  1750 sugar production – speculator drove land-price up  Europeans choose N. America, Owners had to get Africans  Demographic Patterns  Trans-Saharan trade = Mostly women  Atlantic trade = Primarily young men African kingdom preferred to keep the women for domestic slaves and sell the men to the Europeans

5. American Sugar Plantation

6. Treatment of slaves

7. IV. Plantation Economy  Relied on slave labor  Chattel slavery – owners held legal rights over life of workers  Grew crops for export to European markets Not food for consumption  plantations forerunner of factory labor

8. African Diaspora  WI plantation colonies = world’s more polarized societies.  On most island 90 % were slaves.  Pwr resided in the hands of a Plantocracy  Slave health: death outnumbered birth  Life expectancy = 23 yrs for males and 25.5 for females

9. African Slave Trade

12. Middle Passage

13. Triangular Trade part of the Atlantic Circuit

14. V. Slavery and African Politics  Common in African society  slaves = main form of wealth due to non- egalitarian land-ownership (king owned all land)  Europeans= new opportunities for expansion of slavery  Competition between rival kingdoms led to endless wars => need for guns  Kingdoms trade slaves for guns (W. Africa)  Slave trade shifts balance of power –  From Sudanic E. Africa to the West Africa

16. True size of Africa http://static02.mediaite.com/geekosystem/uploads/2010/10/true-size-of-africa.jpg

17. VI. West African Kingdoms  Asante on the Gold Coast (Ghana) (1650s to 1820s)  Centralized leadership under Osei Tutu after 1650 (d 1715)  Slave made up 2/3 of trade by 1700  Dahomey (becomes Benin)– (17 th c to 19 th c )  Dependent on slavery; controlledby royal court  1.8 million slaves ( shipped from Bight of Benin betw 1640-1890)

18. VII. East Africa & the Arrival of Europe  Swahili city-states continued traditional commerce in the Indian Ocean  Some African states copied European plantation system  Zanzibar (plantation economy) 100,000 slaves by 1860  Sultan continues to trade slaves until 1910s  Islamic States  Slavery legitimate for non-muslims

19. VIII. Effect on Africa  Social Effect  _____________________________________________________  ____________________________________________________  Economic Effect  _____________________________________________________  ____________________________________________________  _____________________________________________________

20. IX. Cape Colony  Dutch East India Co. establish a colony at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652  Provision ships headed to Asia  Large fertile lands were great for farming  Used slave labor  Slaves brought from Indonesia and other parts of Asia  Eventually enslave the natives  Dutch settlers, called Boers, move to Cape Colony in search of land  17, 000 settlers, 26,ooo slaves, and 14,ooo natives by 1800

22. VII. Sudanic Africa  Period of violent Islamization in 18 th C  Islamic elites vs. animistic natives  Violence helped supply slaves to coastal regions  In the 1770s Muslim spread “purified” Sufi Islam  The Sokoto Caliphate (N. Nigeria) founded by Usman’s son  Inspired by Usamn Dan Fodio who Believed he was an instrument of Allah  Preached jihad against Hausa kingdoms  Son attacked neighboring Muslim kingdoms  Effects of reformist Islam  Spread literacy, new centers of trade emerged, attempts to eliminate pagan practices

23. Areas to concentrate on for test  Columbian Exchange  Spanish conquest  Sociedad de Castas – social stratification  Plantation Economy  Brazil – development – slave colony to Gold  African Slavery –Chattel  Triangular trade impact on Africa & Europe  Slavery impact on Africa  S. Africa