1. SOUTH AFRICA Establishment of Apartheid State

2. Boer History  1652 – Dutch explorers went to cape, settled and became known as Boers (farmers)  They spoke a mix of Dutch and local languages of Cape called Afrikaans.  1814 – Britain conquered Cape on their way to Africa.  1833 – Britain banned slavery in all of its colonies.  Boers were member of the Dutch Reformed Church which believed in white superiority and slavery.  They left Cape to make two new colonies ; Orange Free State and Transvaal.  1899 /1902 – British discover there are gold and diamond reserves in these two areas and fight to take them away from the Boers.  1910 – Four Boer colonies; Transvaal, Orange Free State and Cape Colony joined together to become the Union of South Africa and granted their own government.  It was mostly white and black people could not vote.  1931 – Union of South Africa given independence and the Afrikaner government was also set up.  Afrikaner was the new name given to Boers.

3. National Party 1948  1948 – Afrikaner led National party won election very narrowly.  Their win put Dr Malan as Priminister of South Africa. (1948-1954)  Afrikaners only made up 13% of population but Malan made a white only government.  Did this to practice white superiority and to start his policy of Apartheid.  Apartheid – the idea of separate development, black, Indian, mixed, coloured etc should lead and develop their own lives away from the white people.  This actually meant white domination.  Everyone who was non white was excluded from the social, political and economic advantages of South Africa.  There are reasons why the National Party won the 1948 elections. These are;  They promised to undo the changes WW2 had brought, where black people had higher wages and had taken up a lot of formerly white jobs.  Due to their new found situation from WW2, black people started protesting more for rights. The National Party recognised that this scared white people.  They made white people believe black people were a problem and a threat, and therefore this appealed to all whites, not just Afrikaans. This lead to non- Afrikaans whites voting for them too.  Promised white farmers that they would be able to use cheap black labour again.  Separate development appealed to whites.  Afrikaners had developed their own community/ race and this led to them fully supporting the National Party and ensuring all member voted for them.

4. Apartheid Laws  These were the laws made from 1948-1960 by the National Party;  Prohibition of Marriage Act (1949) – made inter-racial marriages illegal.  Immorality Act (1950) – made inter – racial sexual intercourse illegal.  Population Registration Act ( 1950) – made every south African define which race they belonged to.  The Suppression of Communism Act (1950) – made any form of opposition to Apartheid, communism. This allowed government to arrest people if they apposed.  The Group Areas Act (1950) – Each town and city was separated into white, coloured and black areas.  Bantu Authorities Act (1951) – government given power to choose the chiefs who would rule the separate areas for black people, who were forced to live there later. It was a small amount of space for large amounts of black people.  Native Laws Amendment (1952) – made to stop workers moving around the country and restricted the amount of blacks allowed to move to urban areas.  Abolition of Passes (1952) – Required all black people to carry passes to indentify who they were and if they didn’t have their pass they would be fined and sent back to their reserve.  Separate Amenities Act (1953) – also known as petty Apartheid; made all public spaces and services segregated.  Bantu Education Act (1953) – missionaries were previously allowed to be in charge of schools and they elected black leaders. However, the government stopped this and brought all schools under their power. This was they could control what was being taught to the kids, less money could be spent on the children, the schools were of poor quality, and the teachers were under qualified. Black children were not expected to carry on their education past primary school and were taught;  Whites were superior  Skills necessary for low paid jobs  In their home language, not English which was used in politics etc  The Senate Act (1956) – made voting rights for black people illegal.

5. Verwoerd Apartheid Changes  1958 Verwoerd became Priminister of South Africa.  His aims were;  Bantustans - Wanted independence for Bantus, in Bantustans where each south African tribe could have a place.  There were 7 ‘homelands’ because he didn’t want black people to live with white people in south Africa because he believed they weren't real south Africans.  This was the policy of ‘good neighbours’.  Forced Removal – the government had miscalculated how many black people there would be in South Africa by the end of the 20 th century.  They thought there would be 20 million + but there was actually 30 million +  Government forced black people to move out of the city and into ‘townships’.  Townships – poor areas on the edge of large towns and cities where black people were forced to live in shanty towns and Bantustans.  It started with the Group Areas Act of 1950, but Verwoerd wanted to speed up the movement.  Under Verwoerd 3.5m black people were forced to move.  Sophia town bulldozed to get rid of black homes and renamed Triumph.  The people who were forced to move were;  The elderly and unfit who could not work  Black workers who lived on white farms but has lost their jobs  People who lived in black spots, which white people could have lived in.  Skilled workers who were needed in bantustans.  Wanted south Africa to be all-white by 1978.

6. Verwoerd Apartheid Changes  There are reasons why Verwoerd was allowed to carry out these changes;  National party won over half of the votes in the 1958 election and this showed they were supported by all whites, not just Afrikaners.  They were in a much more stronger position in contrast to the 1948 elections.  They promoted Afrikaners to key jobs in the government and by 1958, they controlled civil services, education, local government, armed forces, media and the judiciary.  This allowed them to practice their harsh ideas.  Broederbond – a secret society for Afrikaners, they were very hard lined and given key jobs in society.  South Africa left the British commonwealth because they opposed Apartheid. This meant that Britain no longer has any influence of SA.  Police force increased by 25% between 1946 and 1955, therefore they could use violence to act on their harsh ideas.

7. Life in Bantustans  These were the seven areas set aside by Verwoerd for black people, number of Bantustans increased later.  The first was Transkei.  They were of poor quality.  The advantages of bantustans were;  Gave black people independence, had their own national anthem etc.  Black presidents and Priminister of bantustans made a lot of money.  Rulers of bantustans wanted to create a wealthy middle class of black people. Lots of black people given jobs in Bantustan government.  Teachers paid well.  Large incentives were offered to white men to invest in bantustans.  Sun city is an example of an investment made by white men.

8. Life in Bantustans (2)  The disadvantages were;  They were actually controlled by white government.  This policy made the policy of apartheid more solid.  Rulers of bantustans were not democratically chosen, but chosen by white government.  Average income was very low.  Teachers had to teach a white influenced curriculum.  Not a lot of jobs were created for black people.  Black people lived with disease, poverty and malnutrition.  Bantustan soil over farmed and could not produce a lot of food.  Bantustans over populated.  Some black people has to travel up to six hours a day to get to work in white areas.  Townships happened as a result.  Each Bantustan wasn’t equally sized, they all were tiny fragments.  White farmers didn’t want factories and farms in bantustans so this deprived black people of work.

9. Life in Townships  Created on the outskirts of urban cities.  So that black people could get to work easier.  Art and entertainment – cultural venues segregated due to State Aided Institutions Act of 1957.  Allowed segregation in libraries and places of entertainment controlled by the government.  The Group Areas Act of 1950 closed down many musical venues and places used by black musicians.  Some musicians left the country.  Black music became rooted in townships like Soweto.  Employment – Soil exhaustion and over crowding made farms much less productive.  As a result black people were forced to look for work in the cities.  They were only allowed to live in the city if their employer was white.  Unemployment was very high and trade unions were not effective.  Average salary of black miner compared to white miner was very low.

10. Life in Townships (2)  Education – aimed to teach black children to know their place.  Black children didn’t have to attend school until 1981.  Black school facilities were really poor.  £9.50 was spent on each black child while £129 was spent on each white child.  Not taught English or Afrikaans the language used in business and politics.  Most black people didn’t want to put their children in school because of the poor conditions, however police raids forced many black kids into bantu education.  Children primarily taught to have low paid skilled jobs.  Apartheid in universities set up in 1959.  Housing – most famous township was Soweto.  The townships were very hard to control because there were so many people in such small areas.  ANC and PNC recruited many members here.  1.5 million black people lived in 100,000 houses.  Houses had no electricity or water.  Only one hospital in Soweto.  Crime rate was very high.  Half the population under 20 and children suffered from malnutrition

11. Banning, Detention and Censorship  Laws were made to stop the ANC and the PNC from recruiting more members;  The suppression of communism act (1950) – banned communist party along with all other anti – apartheid groups.  The criminal law amendment act – made it an offense to question or protest any law.  The riotous assemblies act (1956) – made it an offense to intimidate anyone during strike action.  There were arrests, banning and detentions;  June 1952 – defiance campaign launched, where black Africans led a non-violent protest of breaking laws their saw as unfair.  Hundreds of arrests took place.  ANC membership grew rapidly during this time.  June 1955 – freedom charter meeting was held.  There was a massive security presence and everyone at the meeting was arrested on suspicion of treason.  Bannings were made to prevent suspects from writing, making broadcasts, attending meetings and leaving home.  1962 – sabotage act made political opposition punishable by death.  1963 – no trial act gave police power to arrest anyone and hold them prisoner for 90 days but then was increased to 180.  Resulted in SA being a police state.  1969 – BOSS set up, which was a secret police force to enforce apartheid laws.

12. Banning, Detention and Censorship (2)  The government also censored a lot of things;  The south African broadcasting company was very pro white and did not put any material opposing apartheid.  The sabotage act requires news papers to deposit large sums of money that would be taken if the newspaper was banned by government.  1967 – editor of Daily Rand put on trial for article about prison conditions.  The Publications Control Board – given power to ban imports of films and books which they thought were a threat to state security.  1978 – government banned book written in Afrikaans because they thought it was a threat.