1. Striving for Equality Topic 3.3

2. Voting Restrictions Concerns = too much political power for African Americans if they voteConcerns = too much political power for African Americans if they vote 1890s: voting restrictions emerge1890s: voting restrictions emerge Property requirement, Poll tax, Literacy tests, and Grandfather clauses

3. Segregation De facto Segregation that simply results from tradition.De facto Segregation that simply results from tradition. –It exists in fact, but not in law. African Americans were treated like second class citizensAfrican Americans were treated like second class citizens

4. Segregation In the south segregation was required by statutes called Jim Crow LawsIn the south segregation was required by statutes called Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws required segregation in schools, parks, hospitals, theaters, restrooms, other public buildings.Jim Crow laws required segregation in schools, parks, hospitals, theaters, restrooms, other public buildings. African American facilities were inferiorAfrican American facilities were inferior

5. Lynching The murder of an accused person by a mob w/out a lawful trial.The murder of an accused person by a mob w/out a lawful trial. Sometimes included a mock trial.Sometimes included a mock trial. Sometimes victims were mutilated before being killedSometimes victims were mutilated before being killed Estimated 1,200 African Americans were lynched between 1882-1892Estimated 1,200 African Americans were lynched between 1882-1892

6. Northern Migration Many African Americans moved north- escape violence and legal segregation  de facto Schools, housing, employment Job competition in N. cities creates fear. RACE RIOTS! –NYC, 1900 –Springfield, Illinois, 1908

7. It becomes LEGAL. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 –Homer Plessy buys a first-class train ticket from New Orleans. He refuses to sit in the black only car. –He is arrested. Case reaches the Supreme Court.

8. Plessy Decision RULING: Segregation is legal as long as the separate facilities were equal to the whites’ facilities. –“Separate but Equal” The 14 th Amendment was “not intended to give social equality but only political and civil equality.”

9. 2 famous African American college graduates:2 famous African American college graduates: –Booker T. Washington –W.E.B. Du Bois 2 very different perspectives2 very different perspectives

10. Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute (Alabama, 1881)Founded Tuskegee Institute (Alabama, 1881) Focus:Focus: –Building economic security & vocational skills –Put aside their desire for political equality for now and focus on building economic security by gaining vocational skills Popular w/ whitesPopular w/ whites

11. Booker T. Washington “To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition… I would say: ‘Cast down your bucket where you are’ …No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem”

12. W.E.B. Du Bois Graduated from Fisk UniversityGraduated from Fisk University Became the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard (1895)Became the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard (1895) Argued that the brightest African Americans had to step forward to leadArgued that the brightest African Americans had to step forward to lead –The Talented Tenth Liberal arts (not vocational)Liberal arts (not vocational) Quest for political and social equality and civil rightsQuest for political and social equality and civil rights

13. W.E.B. Du Bois In writings such as The Souls of Black FolksIn writings such as The Souls of Black Folks Urged African Americans not to define themselves as whites saw them but to take pride in both their African and African American heritagesUrged African Americans not to define themselves as whites saw them but to take pride in both their African and African American heritages

14. Niagara Movement-1905 Du Bois helped foundDu Bois helped found Met on Canadian side of Niagara FallsMet on Canadian side of Niagara Falls Called for:Called for: –Full civil rights –End to racial discrimination –Never to accept “inferiority” –Never to bow to “oppression” –Never to apologize “before insult” Led to the formation of NAACPLed to the formation of NAACP

16. NAACP –Founding of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Purpose was to abolish segregation and discrimination, oppose racism, and gain civil rights By 1914 –50 branches w/ 6,000 members –Worked through the court system