1. Authoritarian Government and Totalitarianism Authoritarian Government is ruled by a single person or party interested in political power. Authoritarian Government is ruled by a single person or party interested in political power. Totalitarianism is a Totalitarianism is a government which seeks to control not only political power, but the economy, culture, and social life. These governments often use These governments often use terror and fear--utilizing propaganda and controlling access to information such as the press and education. (Examples: Italy, Germany, & USSR)

2. Aggression in Asia 1931—Japan Invades Manchuria 1931—Japan Invades Manchuria League of Nations ordered Japan return Manchuria to China League of Nations ordered Japan return Manchuria to China Japan leaves the League of Nations Japan leaves the League of Nations By 1938, Japan has control of major cities along Chinese coast By 1938, Japan has control of major cities along Chinese coast

3. Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia Benito Mussolini wished to enhance Italy’s image as a world power Benito Mussolini wished to enhance Italy’s image as a world power League of Nations placed sanctions, measures designed to stop trade and other economic contacts against Italy League of Nations placed sanctions, measures designed to stop trade and other economic contacts against Italy Italy annexed Ethiopia in May 1936 Italy annexed Ethiopia in May 1936

4. Spanish Civil War King Alfonso XIII abdicated in 1931 King Alfonso XIII abdicated in 1931 Social Reforms brought two sides at odds with each other. Social Reforms brought two sides at odds with each other. Nationalist v. Loyalist Nationalist v. Loyalist The Soviets supported the LoyalistsThe Soviets supported the Loyalists Germans and Italians aided the NationalistsGermans and Italians aided the Nationalists Nationalist won Nationalist won Francisco Franco, dictatorFrancisco Franco, dictator

5. German Expansion Hitler begins rebuilding German military and marches troops into the Rhineland (lost in WWI) Hitler begins rebuilding German military and marches troops into the Rhineland (lost in WWI) Germany annexes Austria and claims parts of the Sudetenland Germany annexes Austria and claims parts of the Sudetenland Great Britain and France pursue policy of appeasement—rather than challenge Hitler’s aggression Great Britain and France pursue policy of appeasement—rather than challenge Hitler’s aggression Appeasement- granting concessions to maintain peaceAppeasement- granting concessions to maintain peace In 1939, Hitler invades Poland In 1939, Hitler invades Poland Britain and France declare war on Germany—thus beginning World War II Britain and France declare war on Germany—thus beginning World War II

6. The Holocaust Hitler’s policy of Nazi racism targeted Jewish people and fed on European anti- semitism Hitler’s policy of Nazi racism targeted Jewish people and fed on European anti- semitism Hitler viewed Jews as a national enemy and began implementing his Final Solution— elimination of Jewish people by sending them to concentration camps as slave laborers and then executing them in gas chambers Hitler viewed Jews as a national enemy and began implementing his Final Solution— elimination of Jewish people by sending them to concentration camps as slave laborers and then executing them in gas chambers The extermination of nearly 6 million Jews, as well as Gypsies, Slavs, and other people deemed undesirable came to be known as the Holocaust The extermination of nearly 6 million Jews, as well as Gypsies, Slavs, and other people deemed undesirable came to be known as the Holocaust

7. World War II --1940 April, 1940--Germany Invades Denmark and Norway April, 1940--Germany Invades Denmark and Norway May, 1940 – Germany takes control of Belgium, Netherlands, and France May, 1940 – Germany takes control of Belgium, Netherlands, and France July-October, 1940 – Battle of Britain, German planes bomb Britain in “blitzkriegs” (night air raids). July-October, 1940 – Battle of Britain, German planes bomb Britain in “blitzkriegs” (night air raids). British Royal Air Force help fight off German air assault and prevent invasion. British Royal Air Force help fight off German air assault and prevent invasion.

8. Axis Powers 1940,Germany, Italy and Japan form an alliance known as the Axis Powers 1940,Germany, Italy and Japan form an alliance known as the Axis Powers

9. US Neutrality before World War II 1935— Neutrality Act passed by Congress to stay out of European conflicts 1935— Neutrality Act passed by Congress to stay out of European conflicts 1940 -- U.S. imposes embargo on Japan after its invasion of China 1940 -- U.S. imposes embargo on Japan after its invasion of China March, 1941– Congress passes March, 1941– Congress passes Lend-Lease Act to allow President Roosevelt to send aid to Great Britain - - Cash-and-carry policy- Great Britain traded cash for greatly needed supplies

10. Eastern Europe and Africa Mussolini dreamed of building a Mediterranean empire for Italy Mussolini dreamed of building a Mediterranean empire for Italy June 10, 1940 Mussolini declared war on France and BritainJune 10, 1940 Mussolini declared war on France and Britain Britain, stationed in Egypt, attacked the Italians in Libya and had many victories Britain, stationed in Egypt, attacked the Italians in Libya and had many victories However, Churchill diverted troops to try to stop the German advances in Eastern Europe However, Churchill diverted troops to try to stop the German advances in Eastern Europe Germany overran the British in Africa Germany overran the British in Africa

11. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Dec. 7 th 1941—Japan launches surprise attack on U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Dec. 7 th 1941—Japan launches surprise attack on U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

12. U.S. joins Allies in World War II After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. declares war on Japan and joins Allies (Great Britain, USSR, and French resistance) against the Axis Powers After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. declares war on Japan and joins Allies (Great Britain, USSR, and French resistance) against the Axis Powers

13. Domestic Wartime Policies of US Roosevelt establishes War Production Board –redirecting production of civilian consumer goods to war materials Roosevelt establishes War Production Board –redirecting production of civilian consumer goods to war materials Revenue for funding the war was generated through withholding income tax from paychecks and selling war bonds Revenue for funding the war was generated through withholding income tax from paychecks and selling war bonds The Government began rationing of resources—such as tires and food items The Government began rationing of resources—such as tires and food items

14. Women join domestic war effort Many women filled industrial jobs that had been held by men who were sent overseas Many women filled industrial jobs that had been held by men who were sent overseas A popular symbol of these women was Rosie the Riveter A popular symbol of these women was Rosie the Riveter

15. Suspicion of Germans, Italians and Japanese in U.S. Since the U.S. was at war with these countries, suspicion of citizens with origins in Germany, Italy and Japan led to their removal to remote internment camps. Since the U.S. was at war with these countries, suspicion of citizens with origins in Germany, Italy and Japan led to their removal to remote internment camps.

16. Turning Points 1942 the war was going badly for the Allies. 1942 the war was going badly for the Allies. Japan controlled the PacificJapan controlled the Pacific Germany controlled Northern AfricaGermany controlled Northern Africa Germany was also dominating in the USSRGermany was also dominating in the USSR

17. Stalingrad Named after Stalin Named after Stalin Hitler knew taking the city would be a huge blow to Soviet moral Hitler knew taking the city would be a huge blow to Soviet moral Attacked Aug. 1942 The Soviets encircled the Germans cutting off their supply line The Soviets encircled the Germans cutting off their supply line 100,000 Germans were killed 80,000 captured Surrendered Feb. 1943

18. War in the Desert Allies vs. Germany Allies vs. Germany Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox Bernard Montgomery, British General Dwight D. Eisenhower Allies’ “pincers” strategy Allies’ “pincers” strategy Rommel flew to Berlin to Rommel flew to Berlin to tell Hitler the situation was tell Hitler the situation was hopeless, but he refused hopeless, but he refused to listen to listen May 1943 the German forces in Tunisia surrendered May 1943 the German forces in Tunisia surrendered

19. Invasion of Italy General Eisenhower led the air General Eisenhower led the air and sea attack on Sicily in July 1943 The Allies were met with little resistance until Messina The Allies were met with little resistance until Messina Conquest of Sicily led to Mussolini’s downfall Conquest of Sicily led to Mussolini’s downfall Mussolini was arrested The Fascist Party was dissolved Italy surrendered Germany occupied Rome Germany occupied Rome Mussolini was put back in control of Northern Italy June 4, 1944, Allies entered Rome

20. Pacific War The Allies made some gains in the Pacific starting in May 1942 The Allies made some gains in the Pacific starting in May 1942 Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway Ended Japanese naval superiority Ended Japanese naval superiority Guadalcanal Guadalcanal General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur Admiral Chester W. NimitzAdmiral Chester W. Nimitz Kamikazes- Japanese Kamikazes- Japanese pilots who crashed pilots who crashed bomb-filled planes in suicide attacks on Allied targets

21. Allied Powers meet at Tehran In 1943, leaders of the three major Allied Powers (Churchill—Britain, Roosevelt--US, Stalin-- USSR) In 1943, leaders of the three major Allied Powers (Churchill—Britain, Roosevelt--US, Stalin-- USSR) met in the Tehran Conference to discuss plans for defeating Germany

22. D-Day At Tehran, the leaders planned an amphibious invasion of Normandy (occupied by Nazis) named Operation Overlord –headed by supreme allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower At Tehran, the leaders planned an amphibious invasion of Normandy (occupied by Nazis) named Operation Overlord –headed by supreme allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower

23. The Yalta Conference Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in February, 1945 at the Yalta Conference to discuss plans of dividing up Europe anticipating the defeat of Germany Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in February, 1945 at the Yalta Conference to discuss plans of dividing up Europe anticipating the defeat of Germany Germany was divided and most of Eastern Europe was controlled by the Soviet Union Germany was divided and most of Eastern Europe was controlled by the Soviet Union

24. The Potsdam Conference The Allied leaders met after the defeat of Germany in July,1945 at the Potsdam Conference to discuss plans for defeating Japan and its unconditional surrender The Allied leaders met after the defeat of Germany in July,1945 at the Potsdam Conference to discuss plans for defeating Japan and its unconditional surrender President Truman (who succeeded Roosevelt after his death) learned of the successful tests of the Atomic bomb while at the conference President Truman (who succeeded Roosevelt after his death) learned of the successful tests of the Atomic bomb while at the conference

25. The Atomic Bomb Led by Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project successfully produced two Atomic bombs at Los Alamos, New Mexico (called Fat Man and Little Boy) Led by Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project successfully produced two Atomic bombs at Los Alamos, New Mexico (called Fat Man and Little Boy) On August 6 th, 1945 a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay dropped the first Atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan On August 6 th, 1945 a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay dropped the first Atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Three days later, a second bomb exploded over Nagasaki Three days later, a second bomb exploded over Nagasaki Japan surrendered on August 14 th, 1945—thus ending World War II and beginning the Atomic Age Japan surrendered on August 14 th, 1945—thus ending World War II and beginning the Atomic Age

26. Effects of the War 70 Million soldiers fought in WWII 70 Million soldiers fought in WWII 55 Million died 55 Million died 22 Million Soviets 8 Million Germans 2 Million Japanese 300,000 Americas Nuremburg Trials Nuremburg Trials Nazi leaders charged with “Committing crimes against humanity “ WWII was the most destructive war in history WWII was the most destructive war in history 12 million people were homeless Food, medicine, and clothing were in short supply