1. History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945

2. Peace & Fellowship

3. The First Persian Gulf War

4. The Gulf Crisis and War of 1990-1991 left legacy of instability and danger that we still face today

5. During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq

6. Saddam Hussein

7. During Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Special US envoy Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein, 1983

8. After Iran-Iraq War ended in 1988, tensions arose between Iraq and Kuwait

9. July 1990—Saddam Hussein demanded islands of Bubiyan and Warba, threatened to invade Kuwait

10. August 1990—Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, subjecting it to brutal occupation

11. President George H. W. Bush reacted cautiously at first

12. Margaret Thatcher and George H. W. Bush... but quickly decided that invasion must not stand

13. Summer 1990—Bush got UN Security Council to pass resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal

14. ... even receiving Soviet cooperation

15. Summer-Fall 1990—Bush lined up diverse coalition of countries prepared to enforce resolution

16. Massive multinational force materialized in Saudi Arabia—“Operation Desert Shield”

17. Colin Powell Norman Schwarzkopf

18. Fall 1990—rapid expansion of military force in Saudi Arabia

19. November 1990—UN Security Council passed resolution authorizing use of force against Iraq if it didn’t withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991

20. Antiwar demonstrations

22. January 1991—Bush agreed Congress could vote on war issue (while making clear he wouldn’t be bound by its vote)

23. January 1991—Secretary of State James Baker met with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz in Geneva but failed to reach agreement James Baker Tariq Aziz

24. January 1991— Congress debated issue

25. January 1991— Congress authorized use of force against Iraq

26. January 17, 1991—After UN deadline passed, Bush launched air war against Iraq (“Desert Storm”)

27. Damage to Iraqi Infrastructure

28. February 1991—Coalition launched ground war against Iraqi forces

29. Iraqi forces quickly capitulated

30. In wake of victory, Bush’s approval rating shot up to 89 percent

31. March 1991—Two separate Iraqi rebellions, by Shia in south and Kurds in north, broke out

32. Saddam crushed both rebellions, creating huge refugee crisis

33. US military declared “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq, creating safe havens for Kurds and Shia, respectively

34. Saddam Hussein remained in power in Baghdad

35. Bill Clinton vs. George H. W. Bush, 1992

36. Clinton’s World

37. Despite widespread expectation that he would focus primarily on domestic affairs, Clinton presided over highly activist foreign policy

38. Late 1992—In response to widespread starvation in Somalia, George H. W. Bush sent US forces to secure supply routes Africa

39. Late 1992—In response to widespread starvation in Somalia, George H. W. Bush sent US forces to secure supply routes US forces escorting relief convoysPresident Bush visiting troops in Somalia, January 1993 Africa

40. Late 1992—In response to widespread starvation in Somalia, George H. W. Bush sent US forces to secure supply routes Africa

41. President-elect Bill Clinton supported Bush’s intervention in Somalia Africa

42. President-elect Bill Clinton supported Bush’s intervention in Somalia Continued troop commitment into his own presidency Africa

43. 1993—Somali warlords aggressively challenged US/UN presence in country Africa

44. Fall 1993—Eighteen US servicemen were killed in firefight with Somali gunmen, prompting Clinton to withdraw US forces from country Africa Black Hawk helicopter

45. Spring 1994—Rwanda was plunged into civil war, pitting Hutus against Tutsis Africa

46. Spring 1994—Rwanda was plunged into civil war, pitting Hutus against Tutsis; Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) vs. Rwandan government Africa

47. Spring 1994—About 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsis, were brutally massacred; genocide spearheaded by Hutu extremists Africa

48. UN failed to act in time to prevent massacres; Clinton administration, gun-shy after Somalia, reinforced inaction Africa

49. Balkans Former Yugoslavia composed of many different groups, e.g. Serbs, Croats, Muslims, ethnic Albanians

50. Balkans Early 1990s—Yugoslavia broke up as Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina declared independence

51. Balkans Serbia, under Slobodan Milosevic, launched wars against breakaway republics to annex portions of their territory

52. Balkans Serbia, under Slobodan Milosevic, launched wars against breakaway republics to annex portions of their territory

53. Balkans Milosevic encouraged Serbs in breakaway republics to engage in “ethnic cleansing”; situation especially dire for Bosnian Muslims

54. Balkans Milosevic encouraged Serbs in breakaway republics to engage in “ethnic cleansing”; situation especially dire for Bosnian Muslims Bosnian Serb militiamen

55. Balkans Clinton initially did little about Bosnia but eventually supported NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serbs

56. Balkans 1995—Clinton invited Milosevic and presidents of Croatia and Bosnia to meet in Dayton, Ohio

57. Balkans Dayton Agreement recognized de facto partition of Bosnia into Serbian republic and Muslim-Croat federation; US stationed troops in Bosnia to help enforce agreement

58. Balkans Late 1990s—Violence erupted in Kosovo, autonomous province of Serbia Kosovo Liberation Army (ethnic Albanians) forcibly resisted Milosevic’s attempts to populate Kosovo with ethnic Serbs

59. Balkans March 1999—NATO (with heavy US involvement) launched bombing campaign against Serbia to force it to respect Kosovo’s autonomy Serbian anti-aircraft fire in Belgrade

60. Balkans NATO bombing provoked massive exodus of Kosovar Albanians

61. Balkans June 1999—Milosevic relinquished control over Kosovo and allowed NATO to occupy it; refugees returned home