1. UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO COLORADO SPRINGS Job Hazard Analysis University of Colorado Colorado Springs Environmental Health and Safety

2. Why a Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)? Injuries occur every day in the workplace Sometimes injuries happen because employees are not trained in the proper job procedure, or because hazards are hidden in the job itself You can help prevent injuries by doing a JHA It will help you identify these “hidden” hazards and write safe and efficient work procedures

3. What is Job Hazard Analysis? a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur. It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment. 3

4. What is the value of a job hazard analysis? Eliminate or minimize potential for accidents to occur Reduce worker injuries/illnesses Safer, more effective work methods Tool for training new employees Increases employee’s safety awareness of specific work task Tool to assist in accident investigation 4

5. Activity In some industries, workers in their first year with their employer account for more than 50% of claims Why?

6. What jobs are appropriate for a job hazard analysis? Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates; Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries or illness, even if there is no history of previous accidents; Jobs where there have been "close calls" - where an incident occurred but no one got hurt; Jobs where you have identified violations of OSHA standards; Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or injury; Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in processes and procedures; and Jobs complex enough to require written instructions. 6

7. Job vs. Task Job: Is a single work assignment or operation that employees perform as part of their occupations; a specific duty, role, or function. Task: Is a single and separate activity that clearly advances a work assignment and is a logical portion of that assignment. It is an assigned piece of work often to be finished within a certain time. 7

8. Where do I begin? Involve your employees Discuss what you are going to do and why Explain that you are studying the task, not employee performance Involve the employees in the entire process Review your accident history Conduct a preliminary job review List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobs Outline the steps and tasks 8

9. Risk Analysis 9 List Tasks Identify Hazards Probability Severity Prioritize Tasks

10. Probability Probability describes the likelihood that a worker will be injured or become ill if exposed to a hazard 10 Unlikely – injury from exposure has low probability. Less than 50% chance. Likely – injury from exposure has moderate probability. 50/50 chance Very likely – injury from exposure has high probability. Greater than 50% chance

11. Severity Severity is an estimate of how serious the injury or illness will be as a result of an accident. The severity of an injury or illness for any given exposure is largely fortuitous: it’s a matter of chance or luck. 11 Minor – other than serious physical harm that does not prevent the employee from continuing to work in the same job Serious – serious physical harm that prevents the employee continuing to work in the same job Death – fatality

12. Risk Assessment Matrix 12 Very Likely Unlikely MinorDeathSerious SEVERITY PROBABILITY WASH WINDOWS CLEAN LIGHTS PAINT WALL Likely

13. To Determine Risk Crunch the Numbers 13

14. 14 To Determine Risk Crunch the Numbers

15. Who should conduct a JHA?  Supervisors need to oversee the process  Employees who actually use the equipment  EHS staff 15

16. How might the employee’s perception of “hazard” differ from that of the employer or supervisor? 16

17. How do I identify workplace hazards? A job hazard analysis is an exercise in detective work. Your goal is to discover the following:  What can go wrong?  What are the consequences?  How could it arise?  What are other contributing factors?  How likely is it that the hazard will occur? 17

18. Conducting the JHA 1.List the Basic Job Steps (usually 3-12 steps) 2.Determine the Potential Hazards 3.List the existing and potential hazards 4.Make recommendation to reduce/eliminate or control hazards 18

19. 19 Watch the worker do the job and list each step in order Write down the steps of the work task as the employee performs them Record enough information to describe each job action – not too broad or too detailed Number each step as you write it down. Use Action Verbs. Watch for a change of activity, direction, or movement. Describe each step completely, but concisely. Try to use no more than 10 sequential steps. Review the job steps with the worker and other workers who do the same job to make sure you have not omitted something Actions may or may not be observable. Any action may describe something that is done or not done List the Basic Job Steps

20. 20 Identify the Potential Hazards Good hazard scenarios describe:  Where it is happening (environment),  Who or what it is happening to (exposure),  What precipitates the hazard (trigger),  The outcome that would occur should it happen (consequence), and  Any other contributing factors.

21. 21 List the existing and potential hazards Review the list of hazards with employees who do the job. Discuss what could eliminate or reduce them.

22. 22 At the material conveyor a worker is trying to clear a snag in an area where there is a rotating pulley Example of hazard scenarios

23. 23 Make recommendation to reduce/eliminate or control hazards Eliminate or contain the hazard (engineering controls) Choose a different process Modify an existing process Substitute with less hazardous substance Improve environment (ventilation) Modify or change equipment or tools If the hazard cannot be eliminated, contact might be prevented by using enclosures, machine guards, worker booths or similar devices. Revise work procedures (administrative controls) Administrative controls, or changes in how the task is done, can be used if engineering controls aren't possible - rotating jobs, changing the steps, training Reduce the exposure (personal protective equipment) When engineering and administrative controls aren't possible or don't adequately protect the workers, use personal protective equipment Reduce frequency or potential for severity

24. 24 An Example Task for JHA Development 1.What are the steps to accomplish this job, starting when the worker gets the initial work order from their lead worker? 2.What are the hazards associated with each step? 3.The control measures? Maintenance worker has to replace a light fixture

25. 25 Sequence of Basic Job Steps Potential HazardsRecommended Control Measures ► Select ladder for task ► Wrong type of ladder is selected ► Training on ladder selection ► Poster with selection matrix ► Transport ladder to location ► Lifting injury ► Collision with other employees ► Facility damage ► Require the use of lifting aids, two-person carry or spotter ► Set-up ladder at task location ► Unstable base ► Ladder not functioning properly ► Training on proper ladder set-up Ladder inspection program ► Ascend ladder to perform task ► Fall from ladder during ascent ► Require 3 points of contact ► Basket/belt for tools and materials

26. Why is a JHA more effective than a walk-around inspection in reducing accidents in the workplace 26

27. Write the Safe Job Procedure Write in a step-by-step format Point out the hazard Identify the safety precautions Paint a word picture (concrete vs. absstract) Write in the second person Write in present tense Write as clearly as possible 27

28. What do I do next? Correct the unsafe conditions and processes –Train all employees who do the job on the changes –Make sure they understand the changes Review the JHAs –Periodically - you may find hazards you missed before –When the task or process is changed –When injuries or close calls occur when doing the task Use the JHAs. –Training –Accident investigation 28

29. 29 Questions? Comments?

30. Resources Job Hazard Analysis – OSHA 3071, 2002 (Revised) https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3071.pdf Hazard Analysis Methodologies https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/mod4_tools_methodologies.html University of Delaware http://www.udel.edu/ehs/research/chemical/job-hazard-analysis.html UC Berkeley http://www.ehs.berkeley.edu/jsas-listed-topic University of Nevada - Reno http://www.unr.edu/ehs/program-areas/occupational-safety/jsa-listing 30

31. Exercise Chemistry Bunsen Burner Centrifuge (high speed) Changing Gas Cylinders Making a stock solution of acids Biology Operating an Autoclave Centrifuge (high speed) Biohazard Release Clean-up Sub 80 Freezer 31

32. Exercise Engineering Hand Operated Tools Oxygen-Acetylene Welding ArcWelding 3D Printer Operation Machining a Part Physics Oxygen-Acetylene Welding ArcWelding Thin-film application Slide preparation with nano-particles 32