1. REVOLUTION AND NATIONALISM Ch.14/30

2. 1. proletariat ● The workers; thought to be the heroes of society by the Bolsheviks.

3. 2. Bolsheviks ● Group of communist revolutionaries led by Lenin

4. 3. Vladimir Lenin ● Leader of the Bolsheviks and first ruler of the Soviet Union

5. 4. Provisional government ● Temporary government; in Russia led by Alexander Kerensky

6. 5. soviet ● Local governing council

7. 6. Communist Party ● A political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin

8. 7. Joseph Stalin ● Revolutionary leader who took control of the Communist Party after Lenin

9. 8. totalitarianism ● Government that has total control of people's lives

10. 9. Great Purge ● Arrest, exile, or killing of thousands of Stalin’s suspected enemies of the Communist Party

11. 10. Command economy ● Economy in which the government makes all the economic decisions

12. 11. Five-Year Plans ● Plans to develop the Soviet Union’s economy (industrialize quickly)

13. 12. Collective farm ● Large, government- owned farm

14. 13. Sun Yixian ● One of the first leaders of the Kuomintang; father of modern China ● Aka: Sun Yat-sen

15. 14. Kuomintang ● Nationalist party of China that overthrew the Qing Dynasty.

16. 15. May Fourth Movement ● Chinese nationalist protest against the Treaty of Versailles.

17. 16. Mao Zedong ● Leader of the Communist revolution in China.

18. 17. Jiang Jieshi ● Leader of the Chinese Nationalist party ● Aka: Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek

19. 18. Long March ● 6,000 mile journey by the Communists to escape Nationalists forces

20. 19. Amritsar Massacre ● The slaughter of Indians by the British; the reason why most Indians turned against the British.

21. 20. Mohandas Gandhi ● Leader of the movement for Indian independence from Britain.

22. Revolutions in Russia Section 1

23. 4/5 of Russians were peasants 4/5 of Russians were peasants Peasants worked land in strips that were assigned by the village commune. Peasants worked land in strips that were assigned by the village commune. Individual land ownership was rare. Individual land ownership was rare. Loyalty was to the village and commune more than to the nation. Loyalty was to the village and commune more than to the nation. Peasant Life in Russia

27. Czarist Rule Russian Czars (emperors) were supported by rich nobles, army, secret police and the Russian Orthodox Church Russian Czars (emperors) were supported by rich nobles, army, secret police and the Russian Orthodox Church By the late 1800s the small middle class turned against the czar. By the late 1800s the small middle class turned against the czar. Czar Alexander III imposed censorship, had secret police monitor activities, and encouraged pogroms. Czar Alexander III imposed censorship, had secret police monitor activities, and encouraged pogroms. Czar Nicholas II continued these autocratic policies. Czar Nicholas II continued these autocratic policies.

28. Czar Alexander III Czar Alexander III

29. Czar Nicholas II Czar Nicholas II

31. Bolsheviks Followers of Karl Marx, co-author of the Communist Manifesto Followers of Karl Marx, co-author of the Communist Manifesto Believed the proletariat were overworked and underpaid and would one day rise up against their governments. Believed the proletariat were overworked and underpaid and would one day rise up against their governments. Bolsheviks wanted to create the world’s first communist government in Russia. Bolsheviks wanted to create the world’s first communist government in Russia. Gained support in Russia starting in the late 1800s. Gained support in Russia starting in the late 1800s.

33. Jan. 22, 1905 Jan. 22, 1905 200,000 workers and families march to czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg 200,000 workers and families march to czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg They wanted better working conditions and more freedoms They wanted better working conditions and more freedoms Soldiers guarding the palace fired into the crowd killing several hundred and wounding 1,000. Soldiers guarding the palace fired into the crowd killing several hundred and wounding 1,000. Bloody Sunday

35. March 1917- protests broke out in the capital of St. Petersburg against food shortages and high prices. March 1917- protests broke out in the capital of St. Petersburg against food shortages and high prices. Soldiers joined the protests. Soldiers joined the protests. This led to a general uprising which led to Czar Nicholas being forced to abdicate his throne. This led to a general uprising which led to Czar Nicholas being forced to abdicate his throne. A provisional government was set up and led by Alexander Kerensky. A provisional government was set up and led by Alexander Kerensky. Soviets were then formed in most cities. Soviets were then formed in most cities. The March Revolution

36. Vladimir Lenin returned to St. Petersburg in April 1917. Vladimir Lenin returned to St. Petersburg in April 1917. Lenin and the Bolsheviks soon gained control of the St. Petersburg soviet and the soviets of most major cities. Lenin and the Bolsheviks soon gained control of the St. Petersburg soviet and the soviets of most major cities. Bolsheviks arrested the leaders of the provisional government. Bolsheviks arrested the leaders of the provisional government. Lenin took over as head of state and began creating a totalitarian government. Lenin took over as head of state and began creating a totalitarian government. The November Revolution

37. Many Russians hated the treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the treatment of the royal family. Many Russians hated the treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the treatment of the royal family. The Bolshevik Red Army was led by Leon Trotsky The Bolshevik Red Army was led by Leon Trotsky The White Army was a conglomeration of groups that hated the Bolsheviks. Several Western nations also sent troops. The White Army was a conglomeration of groups that hated the Bolsheviks. Several Western nations also sent troops. The Red Army won the war after 2 years. The Red Army won the war after 2 years. 14 million died in the civil war and the famine that followed. 14 million died in the civil war and the famine that followed. Civil War (1918-1920)

38. Totalitarianism: Stalinist Russia Section 2

39. To keep nationalism from splitting the country apart, Russia was divided into self-governing republics. To keep nationalism from splitting the country apart, Russia was divided into self-governing republics. All of these would report to the central government. All of these would report to the central government. In, 1922, Lenin renamed Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR) In, 1922, Lenin renamed Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR) Political Reforms in Russia

42. Lenin died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin took over the Communist party. Lenin died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin took over the Communist party. He planned to build the perfect communist government by having total control of the gov. and the people. He planned to build the perfect communist government by having total control of the gov. and the people. Stalin Takes Power

45. 1. Police Terror- terror and violence are used to crush opposition and force obedience. ● In these types of states, the police are used to enforce government policy, not to protect the citizens. 2. Indoctrination- education is key to indoctrination as it is used to glorify the leader and convince all that their unconditional loyalty and support is needed. Aspects of Totalitarianism

46. 3. Propaganda and Censorship- biased, incomplete information is spread through the media in order to sway people to accept certain actions or beliefs. 4. Religious or ethnic persecution- “enemies of the state” are created to blame for anything goes wrong. Aspects of Totalitarianism

49. The police under Stalin used tanks and armored cars to stop riots. The police under Stalin used tanks and armored cars to stop riots. They also monitored phone lines, read mail, and planted informants. They also monitored phone lines, read mail, and planted informants. Stalin builds a Totalitarian State

50. From 1937-1938 Stalin used the Great Purge to get rid of any communist who might threaten his power. From 1937-1938 Stalin used the Great Purge to get rid of any communist who might threaten his power. Thousands were executed or sent to labor camps for “crimes against the Soviet state.” Thousands were executed or sent to labor camps for “crimes against the Soviet state.” At the time of Stalin’s death in 1953 an estimated 8-13 million had been killed. At the time of Stalin’s death in 1953 an estimated 8-13 million had been killed. The Great Purge

52. Stalin’s gov. controlled all sources of public information and entertainment. Stalin’s gov. controlled all sources of public information and entertainment. Writers, composers, and artists were not allowed to show individual creativity. Writers, composers, and artists were not allowed to show individual creativity. They could only produce works that glorified the state, communism, or Stalin and his economic programs. They could only produce works that glorified the state, communism, or Stalin and his economic programs. Russian Propaganda and Censorship

58. The gov. controlled all levels of education and taught children the virtues of communism. The gov. controlled all levels of education and taught children the virtues of communism. The importance of hard work, sacrifice, and loyalty were big themes at all grade levels. The importance of hard work, sacrifice, and loyalty were big themes at all grade levels. Russian Indoctrination

59. Stalin set out to replace religion with the ideals of communism. Stalin set out to replace religion with the ideals of communism. Propaganda was spread to show that religious beliefs were superstition. Propaganda was spread to show that religious beliefs were superstition. Churches and synagogues were destroyed and religious leaders sent to labor camps. Churches and synagogues were destroyed and religious leaders sent to labor camps. Russian Religious Persecution

60. In 1928, Stalin planned a command economy, a system in which the gov. makes all economic decisions. In 1928, Stalin planned a command economy, a system in which the gov. makes all economic decisions. Quotas were set for steel, coal, oil, and electricity. Quotas were set for steel, coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these targets the gov. limited production of consumer goods. To reach these targets the gov. limited production of consumer goods. The goal of these plans was economic growth. The goal of these plans was economic growth. Stalin’s Five-Year Plans

61. In 1928, the gov. began to seize over 25 million privately owned farms and combine them. In 1928, the gov. began to seize over 25 million privately owned farms and combine them. Kulaks, wealthy peasants, protested against these collectives and they were eventually eliminated. Kulaks, wealthy peasants, protested against these collectives and they were eventually eliminated. Collective Farms

62. Imperial China Collapses Imperial China Collapses Section 3

63. Foreign countries controlled trade and economic resources. Foreign countries controlled trade and economic resources. Two sides emerged on how to solve the problem. Two sides emerged on how to solve the problem. One side wanted to build up the army and navy, construct modern factories, and reform education. One side wanted to build up the army and navy, construct modern factories, and reform education. The other side feared change and felt that China’s greatness lay in its traditional ways. The other side feared change and felt that China’s greatness lay in its traditional ways. Causes of the Revolution

64. Kuomintang: pronounced kwo-min-tang Kuomintang: pronounced kwo-min-tang Led by Sun Yixian (soon yee-shyahn) Led by Sun Yixian (soon yee-shyahn) Overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) Overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) 1912- Sun becomes president of the Republic of China 1912- Sun becomes president of the Republic of China wanted to rule by what he called “Three Principles of the People.” wanted to rule by what he called “Three Principles of the People.” The Nationalist Party

66. 1. nationalism- end foreign control 1. nationalism- end foreign control 2. people’s rights- democracy 2. people’s rights- democracy 3. people’s livelihood- economic security for all. 3. people’s livelihood- economic security for all. Sun lacked authority and military support. Sun lacked authority and military support. He gave up power to a general whose actions caused revolts and when he died civil war broke out. He gave up power to a general whose actions caused revolts and when he died civil war broke out. The Nationalist Party

67. ● Joined WWI in 1917 on the side of the Allies hoping to gain lost territory from Germany. ● The Treaty of Versailles gave that land to Japan. ● China felt betrayed. The Nationalist Party

68. May 4, 1919, over 3000 students gathered in the capital, Beijing, to protest the treaty. May 4, 1919, over 3000 students gathered in the capital, Beijing, to protest the treaty. These demonstrations showed a commitment to establishing a strong, modern nation. These demonstrations showed a commitment to establishing a strong, modern nation. Sun and the Kuomintang still did not have enough support to rule. Sun and the Kuomintang still did not have enough support to rule. Some protestors favored Lenin’s brand of Communism. Some protestors favored Lenin’s brand of Communism. May Fourth Movement

70. 1921 CCP is founded in Shanghai. 1921 CCP is founded in Shanghai. Mao Zedong is among the founders Mao Zedong is among the founders Lenin befriends China Lenin befriends China He sent military advisers and equipment to the Kuomintang for allowing the CCP to join the gov. He sent military advisers and equipment to the Kuomintang for allowing the CCP to join the gov. Chinese Communist Party

72. Sun dies in 1925 and Jiang Jieshi takes over leadership of the Kuomintang. Sun dies in 1925 and Jiang Jieshi takes over leadership of the Kuomintang. Jiang’s gov. becomes corrupt Jiang’s gov. becomes corrupt Peasants felt Jiang wasn’t taking care of their needs. Peasants felt Jiang wasn’t taking care of their needs. They began to support the CCP over the Kuomintang. They began to support the CCP over the Kuomintang. Peasants Align with Communists

73. April 1927 Nationalist troops moved in to Shanghai and killed many Communist leaders. April 1927 Nationalist troops moved in to Shanghai and killed many Communist leaders. Similar killings happened in other cities. Similar killings happened in other cities. The Nationalists almost wiped out the CCP. The Nationalists almost wiped out the CCP. 1928- Jiang becomes president- GB and US recognize new gov. Soviet Union does not. 1928- Jiang becomes president- GB and US recognize new gov. Soviet Union does not. Nationalists and Communists Clash

74. Mao and the other CCP leaders established their party among the hills in south-central China. Mao and the other CCP leaders established their party among the hills in south-central China. Here they recruited peasants to join their Red Army and trained them in guerilla warfare. Here they recruited peasants to join their Red Army and trained them in guerilla warfare. Civil War in China

75. 1933- Jiang and 700,000 men surrounded the Communists in the mountains. 1933- Jiang and 700,000 men surrounded the Communists in the mountains. Faced with defeat, 100,000 Communist forces began a 6,000 mile journey (The Long March) Faced with defeat, 100,000 Communist forces began a 6,000 mile journey (The Long March) Btwn. 1934 and 1935 thousands died from hunger, cold, exposure, and battle wounds. Btwn. 1934 and 1935 thousands died from hunger, cold, exposure, and battle wounds. Only 7 or 8 thousand survived. Only 7 or 8 thousand survived. During this time, Japan decides to invade China. During this time, Japan decides to invade China. The Long March

79. In 1937 Japan invaded and gained control over a large part of China. In 1937 Japan invaded and gained control over a large part of China. The Nationalists and Communists agreed to an uneasy truce in order to fight the Japanese together. The Nationalists and Communists agreed to an uneasy truce in order to fight the Japanese together. Civil War Suspended

80. Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Section 4

81. Two groups formed to rid India of foreign rule: the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League Two groups formed to rid India of foreign rule: the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League In return for their service in WWI, India was promised reforms that would eventually lead to self-rule. In return for their service in WWI, India was promised reforms that would eventually lead to self-rule. The promised reforms did not happen The promised reforms did not happen Radical nationalists carried out acts of violence in protest. Radical nationalists carried out acts of violence in protest. Indian Nationalism Grows

82. These acts allowed the government to jail protestors without trial for as long as two years. These acts allowed the government to jail protestors without trial for as long as two years. To protest the Rowlatt acts approx. 10k Hindus and Indians went to Amritsar to fast, pray, and listen to political speeches. To protest the Rowlatt acts approx. 10k Hindus and Indians went to Amritsar to fast, pray, and listen to political speeches. British troops fired on the crowd for 10 min. killing 400 and wounding 1200. British troops fired on the crowd for 10 min. killing 400 and wounding 1200. Almost over night the Amritsar Massacre turned millions of Indians into nationalists. Almost over night the Amritsar Massacre turned millions of Indians into nationalists. The Rowlatt Acts

84. As a result of the massacre Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the leader of the independence movement. As a result of the massacre Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the leader of the independence movement. Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to pursue a policy of noncooperation with the British gov. Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to pursue a policy of noncooperation with the British gov. This was to be accomplished through civil disobedience, the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and nonviolence as the means to achieve independence This was to be accomplished through civil disobedience, the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and nonviolence as the means to achieve independence Gandhi’s Tactics of Nonviolence

85. Boycotts- Indians refused to buy British goods, attend gov. schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections. Gandhi also encouraged Indians to wear home spun clothing. Boycotts- Indians refused to buy British goods, attend gov. schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections. Gandhi also encouraged Indians to wear home spun clothing. Strikes and Demonstrations- the British struggled to keep trains running, factories operating and overcrowded jails from bursting. Often the protests would lead to riots. Strikes and Demonstrations- the British struggled to keep trains running, factories operating and overcrowded jails from bursting. Often the protests would lead to riots. Gandhi’s Tactics of Nonviolence

86. According to British laws, Indians had to buy salt from the gov. and pay tax on the salt. According to British laws, Indians had to buy salt from the gov. and pay tax on the salt. Gandhi led followers 240 miles to the sea where they collected their own salt. Gandhi led followers 240 miles to the sea where they collected their own salt. The demonstrators eventually went to the British salt works and protested peacefully. The demonstrators eventually went to the British salt works and protested peacefully. The British responded by attacking the protestors with clubs, cracking their skulls and breaking their shoulders. The British responded by attacking the protestors with clubs, cracking their skulls and breaking their shoulders. The Salt March

88. In 1935, the British parliament passed the Government of India Act which allowed local self-gov. and limited democratic elections. In 1935, the British parliament passed the Government of India Act which allowed local self-gov. and limited democratic elections. Tensions increased between Hindus and Muslims over who would eventually control India when they gained independence. Tensions increased between Hindus and Muslims over who would eventually control India when they gained independence. Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule

89. At the end of WWI the Ottoman Empire was disbanded. At the end of WWI the Ottoman Empire was disbanded. All its land except the Anatolian peninsula and a strip of land around the capital of Istanbul was taken away. All its land except the Anatolian peninsula and a strip of land around the capital of Istanbul was taken away. Greece invaded Turkey in 1919 and almost took over but General Mustafa Kemal fought against the Greeks and won. Greece invaded Turkey in 1919 and almost took over but General Mustafa Kemal fought against the Greeks and won. The nationalists then overthrew the Ottoman sultan and Kemal became the first president of Turkey. The nationalists then overthrew the Ottoman sultan and Kemal became the first president of Turkey. Turkey

91. 1. Separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation. 2. Abolished religious courts and created a new legal system based on European law. 3. Granted women the right to vote and to hold public office. 4. Industrialized Turkey When he died, his influence was so strong that the people gave him the name Ataturk “father of the Turks.” Kemal’s Reforms

92. Before WWI both Russia and Britain had spheres of influence in Persia. Before WWI both Russia and Britain had spheres of influence in Persia. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the British tried to take over all of Persia. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the British tried to take over all of Persia. 1925- an army officer, Reza Pahlavi, deposed the ruling shah. 1925- an army officer, Reza Pahlavi, deposed the ruling shah. He modernized the country by building public schools, roads and railroads and extended women’s rights. He modernized the country by building public schools, roads and railroads and extended women’s rights. He then changed the name of Persia (Greek) to Iran (Arabic). He then changed the name of Persia (Greek) to Iran (Arabic).Persia

94. 1902- Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud began a campaign to unify Arabia. 1902- Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud began a campaign to unify Arabia. 1932- he renamed his new kingdom Saudi Arabia after his family 1932- he renamed his new kingdom Saudi Arabia after his family Modernization in Saudi Arabia was limited to religiously acceptable areas. Modernization in Saudi Arabia was limited to religiously acceptable areas. Loyalty to the Saudi gov. became based on custom, religion, and family ties. Loyalty to the Saudi gov. became based on custom, religion, and family ties. Saudi Arabia

95. During the 1920s and 1930s, European and American oil companies discovered huge oil deposits in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. During the 1920s and 1930s, European and American oil companies discovered huge oil deposits in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. These countries spent lots of money developing the oil fields that had been found to supply 2/3 of the world’s known oil supply. These countries spent lots of money developing the oil fields that had been found to supply 2/3 of the world’s known oil supply. Because oil brought huge profits, Western nations tried to dominate the region. Because oil brought huge profits, Western nations tried to dominate the region. Oil Drives Development

97. Ch.14 Test Review

98. 1. How did Alexander III and Nicholas II help create a revolutionary atmosphere in Russia? 2. What impact did Russia’s involvement in WWI have on its government? 3. How did life change for Russians as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution? 4. Why did Chinese peasants align themselves with the Communists and not the Nationalists? 5. Describe the Shanghai Massacre.

99. 6. What event in 1937 halted the Chinese civil war? 7. What promise was made to the Indian people in exchange for their service under Britain in World War I? 8. What created an environment for nationalism in Southwest Asia? 9. In which country did Nationalists lead a successful rebellion against its sultan and reform the government in an emphasis on modernization? 10. How did the Russo-Japanese War show the czar’s weakness? 11. Who did the Allies give Chinese territory to under the Treaty of Versailles?

100. 12. What was the Great Purge? 13. Which revolutions, started under Stalin’s rule, were meant to improve the Soviet economy? 14. How did the May Fourth movement influence the creation of the Communist Party in China? 15. How was the result of the nationalist movement in Saudi Arabia different than the results in Turkey and Iran? 16. Why did Great Britain finally grant India limited self-rule? 17. What were the pogroms in 19 th -century Russia/ 18. What is a totalitarian state?

101. 19.What was the purpose of the Soviet state’s Five-Year Plans? 20.What did Sun Yixian’s Revolutionary Alliance accomplish? 21.What group went on the 6,000-mile long journey known as the “Long March”? 22.What were soviets under Russia’s provisional government?