1. 30 Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939 Revolutions in Russia
QUIT 30
CHAPTER
Revolution and
Nationalism, 1900–1939
Chapter Overview
Time Line 1
Revolutions in Russia
SECTION
MAP 2
Patterns of Change: Totalitarianism
SECTION
SECTION 3
Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 4
Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia
GRAPH
SECTION
Visual Summary

2. 30 Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939
HOME 30
CHAPTER
Revolution and
Nationalism, 1900–1939
Chapter Overview
Social unrest in Russia erupts in revolution. Under Stalin, the U.S.S.R. becomes a totalitarian state. After the Qing dynasty falls, Chinese Nationalists and Communists clash. World War I fuels nationalism in India and Southwest Asia.

3. 30 Revolution and Nationalism, 1900–1939 HOME Time Line 1900 1939
CHAPTER
Revolution and
Nationalism, 1900–1939
Time Line
1905 Russian workers protest, asking for better conditions.
1920 Gandhi leads Indian campaign of civil disobedience.
1929 Stalin exiles Trotsky from Soviet Union.
1935 India gains self-rule.
1900
1939
1912 Chinese Nationalist oust the last Qing emperor.
1923 Turkey becomes a republic under Mustafa Kemal.
1934 Mao Zedong heads Long March.

4. Revolutions in Russia Key Idea 1
HOME 1
Revolutions in Russia
Key Idea
The Russian Revolutions of 1917 end czarist rule and usher in the first communist government. Lenin seizes power and launches major economic and political reforms.
Overview
Assessment

5. Revolutions in Russia Overview 1 • pogrom • Trans-Siberian Railway
HOME 1
Revolutions in Russia
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• pogrom
• Trans-Siberian Railway
• Bolsheviks
• V. I. Lenin
• Duma
• Rasputin
• provisional government
• soviet
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Long-term social unrest in Russia erupted in revolution, ushering in the first Communist government.
The Communist Party controlled the Soviet Union until the country’s breakup in 1991.
Assessment

6. HOME 1
Revolutions in Russia
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List significant events during the last phases of czarist rule and the beginning of Communist rule.
1891
1894
1917
1921
1922
Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad begins.
Russian Revolution ends czarist rule.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is formed.
Nicholas II becomes the last Russian czar.
Lenin launches New Economic Policy.
continued . . .

7. HOME 1
Revolutions in Russia
Section 1
Assessment
2. What do you think were Czar Nicholas II’s worst errors in judgment during his rule? Why? THINK ABOUT
• the czar’s military decisions
• the political outcome of “Bloody Sunday”
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Involvement in the Russo-Japanese War, the czar’s refusal to share power with the Duma, Russia’s entry into World War I, and the czar’s change of headquarters to the war front all paved the way to revolution and the end of czarist rule.
continued . . .

8. HOME 1
Revolutions in Russia
Section 1
Assessment
3. Why was Lenin’s leadership crucial to the success of the Russian Revolution? THINK ABOUT
• Lenin’s personal traits
• his slogan—“Peace, Land, and Bread”
• his role in organizing the Bolsheviks
• his role after the Revolution
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Lenin was able to win and maintain power because of his energetic, disciplined leadership; his awareness of the demands of various groups in Russian society; his careful planning; and his ability to tackle difficult problems and crises.
End of Section 1

9. Totalitarianism Key Idea CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2
HOME 2
Totalitarianism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
MAP
Key Idea
After Lenin’s death, Stalin transforms the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. He revolutionizes the economy and uses terror, propaganda, and censorship to maintain power.
Overview
Assessment

10. Totalitarianism Overview CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2
HOME 2
Totalitarianism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Joseph Stalin
• totalitarianism
• command economy
• collective farm
• kulak
• Great Purge
• socialist realism
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After Lenin died, Stalin seized power and transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
More recent dictators have used Stalin’s tactics for seizing total control over individuals and the state.
Assessment

11. Totalitarianism 2 CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2
HOME 2
Totalitarianism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Cite examples from Stalinist Russia for each weapon of totalitarianism listed below.
Weapons
Examples
Police Terror
Propaganda
Censorship
Religious Persecution
Great Purge, execution of kulaks
Socialist realism, training of youth
Government-controlled media
Destruction of buildings, elimination of leadership
continued . . .

12. Totalitarianism 2 CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia 2
HOME 2
Totalitarianism
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDY: Stalinist Russia
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
2. How do totalitarian states and constitutional governments differ? THINK ABOUT
• the chart explaining the key traits of totalitarianism
• what you have learned about constitutional government in the United States
• what you learned about the Soviet Constitution
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Totalitarian: centralized under one leader, control all sectors of society and people’s lives, rely on force and propaganda
Democratic: separation of powers, run by elected leaders, allow private ownership and freedom, maintain military for defense
End of Section 2

13. Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Key Idea 3
HOME 3
Collapse of Chinese
Imperial Rule
Key Idea
In 1912, Chinese nationalists overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a new republic. Civil war erupts as Nationalists and Communists vie for control of China.
Overview
Assessment

14. Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule Overview 3 • Kuomintang • Sun Yixian
HOME 3
Collapse of Chinese
Imperial Rule
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Kuomintang
• Sun Yixian
• Mao Zedong
• May Fourth Movement
• Long March
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After the fall of the Qing dynasty, nationalist and Communist movements struggled for power.
The seeds of China’s late-20th-century political thought, communism, were planted at this time.
Assessment

15. Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 3 3
HOME 3
Collapse of Chinese
Imperial Rule
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong.
Jiang
Mao
Party
Key Supporters
Reforms
Military Actions
Nationalist
Communist
Bankers and business people
Peasants
Launched programs to modernize cities
Divided land among local farmers
Defeated warlords
Established Red Army
continued . . .

16. Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 3 3
HOME 3
Collapse of Chinese
Imperial Rule
Section 3
Assessment
2. What influence did foreign nations have on China from 1912 to 1938? THINK ABOUT
• the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles
• the role of the Soviet Union
• the temporary truce during the Chinese civil war
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• The Treaty of Versailles triggered the May Fourth Movement.
• Western democracies refused to support Sun’s government, but the Soviet Union did.
• Great Britain and United States recognized the Nationalist Republic of China.
• Japan’s invasion of China united Jiang’s and Mao’s forces.
continued . . .

17. Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule 3 3
HOME 3
Collapse of Chinese
Imperial Rule
Section 3
Assessment
3. What caused the Communist revolutionary movement in China to gain strength? THINK ABOUT
• Jiang’s government and policies
• the Soviet Union’s influence
• the conditions of rural peasants
• Mao’s role and achievements
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Failures of the Kuomintang
• Corruption in Jiang’s government
• Soviet Union’s involvement in Chinese affairs
• Poverty of peasants
• Mao’s strong leadership
End of Section 3

18. Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Key Idea 4
HOME 4
Nationalism in India
and Southwest Asia
GRAPH
Key Idea
World War I heightens nationalist activity and independence movements to overthrow colonial power. Gandhi uses nonviolent tactics to free India from British rule. Turkey, Persia, and Arabia also seek self-rule.
Overview
Assessment

19. Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Overview 4
HOME 4
Nationalism in India
and Southwest Asia
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Mohandas K. Gandhi
• civil disobedience
• Mustafa Kemal
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Nationalism triggered independence movements to overthrow colonial power.
These independent nations—India, Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia—are key players on the world stage today.
Assessment

20. Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 4 4
HOME 4
Nationalism in India
and Southwest Asia
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the different forms of nationalism that developed in the Asian countries listed below.
Forms of Nationalism
India
Turkey
Persia
Saudi Arabia
Nationalists use nonviolent methods to work for independence from British rule.
Nationalists free Persia from British and Russian rule.
Reza Shah changes country’s name to Iran.
Nationalists overthrow last Ottoman sultan.
Ibn Saud unifies the nation and creates a state based on Islamic law.
Kemal seeks Western-style modernization.
continued . . .

21. Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 4 4
HOME 4
Nationalism in India
and Southwest Asia
GRAPH
Section 4
Assessment
2. What do you think a nation might gain and lose by modernizing? THINK ABOUT
• what positive changes occurred in Turkey and Iran
• why modernization was limited in Saudi Arabia
• why Kemal set rules for clothing
• why Gandhi wore only homespun cloth
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Gains—increased economic and political power; greater acceptance and respect from Western nations; equal rights for women
Losses—a unique sense of cultural identity; traditional values and ways of life
End of Section 4