2. How does the cultural process operate? The features/characteristics that result from this process(what it looks like) How has it operated at different rates in the past, present and future?(temporal variations and what makes it change over time) How does the process act differently in different parts of an environment(spatial variations) How has this operation shaped/influenced the geographic (cultural and natural) environments

3. INPUTSPROCESSESOUTPUTS MeaningThe elements needed for the process to occur, how they interact and their characteristics. What happens leading to what. The stages of the process (how it operates) What results from the operation of the process. This is what you can see (spatial patterns), impacts (people and place) and change (temporal variations or changes and the causes of the change)

4. TOURISTSTOURIST ATTRACTIONS/ACTIVI TIES TOURIST FACILITIES INFRASTRUCTURE Numbers Origin Length of Stay Type Natural Attractions eg Lake Wakatipu Cultural attractions eg Gondola and Luge Accommodation Retail Transport Services

6. If you map the attractions, accommodation, CBD retail and transport facilities you will be able to identify the spatial patterns resulting from the process of tourism development. Where is the core of tourism development and where is the periphery? Is there a linear pattern? What are the reasons for this spatial variation? Link it to history, accessibility, cumulative causation, tourist type and needs of different phenomena like those needing more land.

7. What are the patterns of each stage of the process? When is the process happening at a fast rate and when at a slower rate? What are the factors causing a change in the operation of the process at these times? What was the trigger that made it move from one stage to another? Think of social, political, environmental or natural, economic, historical, political and technological factors. What factors caused the changes? Note-temporal variations can be past, present or winter, summer. 

8. Break this down into  socio-cultural (eg trends, crowds, attitudes, commercialism, cultural promotion, local iwi)  political, local and central government (eg visa and airport restrictions, planning zones)  economic affects (eg jobs, investment, transport).  natural (pollution, eco-systems)  Technological (bungy equipment)  Include both positive and negative. How has this effected the operation of the process

9. 1 Definitions fill in sheet 2 What features/characteristics/elements/inputs are important in the process of tourism development in NZ. map of NZ attractions, accomodation, amenities 3 How has this process operated differently in NZ over time(past,present,future or winter,summer) and why it changes over time colour code map for 3 time periods/ cut and paste of factors causing changes. Circle patterns. 4 How is the cultural(people) and natural(places) environment of NZ affected by the growth or decline in tourism development fill in impact chart

11. A sequence of events has occurred that has resulted in this district of the Southern Lakes Region, on Lake Wakatipu, 310m above sea level, prioritising tourism as a regional economic activity that has grown over TIME and has resulted in distinctive SPATIAL PATTERNS. Area includes Queenstown, Wakatipu Basin and Arrowtown. Popular in Winter and summer. “PURE INSPIRATION” is their theme. NZ and Queenstown are not “stop and flop” destinations but “touring destinations”

12. Of 2.4m international visitors to NZ pa, 1.5m visit Queenstown plus 0.5m domestic tourists. By 2021 expect 19,000 visitors a day (6,500 arriving by plane). Growth aim is 3%pa. Key to growth is ACCESSIBILITY. There are 35 flights p wk from Aus. and 5 Air NZ flights from Auckland a day. CONSTRAINTS on growth are 1 no night flights and plane size (737 and A320 carry only 150-170) Aim for tourists to stay longer and spend more. (Australians stay on average 5 days, Chinese 7 days.) 24% of visitors are 20-29yrs old (FIT’s).

14. 1860’s gold mining boom Attractions/activities – seasonal tourism – summer only. Scenery, game fishing, hunting, tramping – Ben Lomond, Coronet Peak and Remarkables, boats on the lake taking tourists Earnslaw (1912), The Mountaineer (1879) - Isolation an issue – horse and cart as means of transport. Tourism industry – small – local/family owned.

17. Market – overseas visitors were wealthy – no paid holidays during this time. Young people were chaperoned by widows. Domestic tourists were summer visitors from Southland. Infrastructure – 1863 first coach service between Kingston and Dunedin – trip takes 4 days! - 1878 railway built, 13 hours from Dunedin to Kingston. Then get on boat from Kingston with all supplies and chug to Queenstown Bay. - Shanties from old gold miners evolved into hotels. Eichardts (1880 premier hotel) had electricity 40-50 years before the rest of Queenstown because it had its own water wheel.

19. Regulators – the government introduced the ‘Lakes steamer excursion fares’ in 1927. Subsidised fares to encourage holidays. - In the late 1920s paid holidays were introduced. - 1926 Electricity in Queenstown - 1929 – the depression resulted in the government employing people to do manual work – access around the Devil’s stair case. Spatial patterns – shops and accomodation concentrated around Queenstown Bay because of accessibitity for ships.

21. Attractions/activities – 1947 Mt Cook Company established first rope tow at Coronet peak. Change-Became a Winter and Summer destination. - Hamilton Jet created in 1950s. Kawarau jet established in 1960. - Gondola built (started as a road in 1960-61, opened as a restaurant 1964, first gondola in 1967. 10,000 people travelled up the gondola in the first 6 weeks). Spatial Patterns - Attractions still concentrated around the town centre, but dipersal becoming evident to ski fields and Southern Scenic Airways flights. First Winter Festival 1974

23. Tourism industry – Entrepreneurial feel. Private ownership dominated with some company ownership beginning. Gondola road built ‘60/61, restaurant added ‘64, gondola ‘67. - Air New Zealand target the Aussie, Japanese and American markets (1970s). Markets – Increase in the Australian market as a result of Trans-Tasman travel. Became a winter ski destination after 1947 lifts built at Coronet Peak.

24. Infrastructure and facilities – 1961 first Trans- Tasman air service – Christchurch to Melbourne. Famous restaurants like The Cow opened 1976 and still there. Regulators – Government purchases most hotels in the 1960/70s and puts them under the ownership of the THC (Tourist Hotel Corporation).

25. Attractions/activities – Queenstown Adventure capital of the world! – bungy jump (first commercial jump Nov 1988 Kawerau Bridge attracted FIT’s. Now 350,000 visitors a year, although only 10% bungy ), heli skiing, canyon swing, sky diving etc. Tourism attractions diversify to meet bigger market e.g. wine tours (1980’s first vineyard planted-1990’s wine tours began). “Soft Tourism Industry – In the 1980s, the THC sold off the hotels. Big companies e.g. Heritage, Scenic Circle etc. bought them. Ngai Tahu – Shotover jet. Skyline becomes a company. Period Three – 1980s – present

26. Tourist market – young, FIT’s, 23 -30 years of age and 50+ whose kids have grown up and left. Wineries appeal to older, wealthier clientele. Decreasing number of families (closure of camping grounds, (owners don’t own the land and rent becomes too high. Also, cost of storing a caravan-$300-$3000pa.) Increased numbers of Campervan tourists spend $500m in NZ pa. Aussies biggest group. Overseas visitors spent 89% of nights in paid sites (Nzers 75%) Estimated 5500 motorhomes in NZ, about 1000 too many. 1997 Asian economic crisis and Koreans (were 7%) disappeared. Subject to outside influences. Period Three – 1980s – present

27.  Became a 4 season destination: summer, winter, spring and autumn.  Winter, can be 5,000 people a day on Coronet Peak skiing.  Targeting Chinese for Spring festivals and Japanese to see Autumn colours of trees. TEMPORAL PATTERNS or VARIATIONS can be 1 Histotical over 3 time periods or 2 Seasonal over spring, summer, autumn, winter.

28. Infrastructure and facilities – International terminal at Queenstown airport – 1990’s began weekly flights to Sydney. In winter, flights to Australia every day. Daily flights to Christchurch, Wellington and Auckland. 2007 $31 upgrade of airport and 2011 upgrade. Jetstar, Virgin Australia and Qantas begin flights. Millenium Hotel on lake edge. Spatial Patterns _ locations in and around Queenstown developed. Regional growth. (See next slide) Regulators- Queenstown Lakes District Council, DOC, Destination Queenstown.

29. Core, dispersed and linear patterns have developed. Concentration or Core area in CBD with Earnslaw, Jet Boat, Gondola plus luge, paragliding, bungy, accomodation like Novotel and Eichardts,Park Royal and Rydges, Pinewood Lodge, Southern laughter backpackers. Dispersed at Arrowtown, Remarkables, Coronet skifield, Gibbston Valley Vineyards, Frankton, Kawerau Bridge, Airport. Accomodation like Blanket Bay, Matakauri. Many locals pushed out by high prices. Linear along a) the highway 6A (Millenium Copthorne) and b) Lake Shore Periphery- Glenorchy-fishing and Routeburn Track.

32.  Natural-lake shore core, some dispersed due to fixed location eg Kawerau Bridge.  Historical- lake shore 1 st to be developed, Arrowtown dispersed due to gold mining past.  Political-lake shore zoned for tourist developments. Results in clustering/ agglomeration  Economic-benefits of agglomeration  Accessibility- linear pattern along transport routes/Glenorchy an hours drive away.

33.  Too many tourists- solution-bed cap but ski industry relies on oversupply of beds to keep prices low  Concerned with impacts on landscape of new infrastructure and transport links  Wastewater plant needs to be extended and additional resevoirs built for water.  Need more high yield visitors not more overall and to smooth out seasonal troughs. Seasonality.  Overseas ownership eg Starbucks, Dotti, Portmans.  High prices generally  Safety  Access to wilderness areas-Milford dart etc Accessibility increased when Crown Range sealed 2000.

34.  Economic- for every 1 tourist job- 0.64 indirect jobs created. 90% of jobs in Queenstown related to tourism. Prices of land, rents etc incr. $31m upgrade of airport. Median house price increased.  Political- Council have to provide sewerage etc but who pays when there are 1.3m visitors to 23,000 residents paying rates. Cant keep up with resource consents.  Social-changes in ethnic mix of locals due to migrant workers. Brazilian. Immigration debate. Population increase. Traffic congestion.  Environmental- pollution, noise, sediment in lake after rain, visual, CBD beautification 1/2m trees and cobblestones, airport, jetboat noise

35.  Change in tourist type- Japanese honeymooners, Asian financial crisis, Sars, strengthening Kiwi dollar, oil prices Aussie skiers.  Causes of change: early Govt intervention eg excursion fares +, Destination Queenstown 1989,$1.5m from commercial rates levy  For marketing, 2001 NZ tourism strategy focus on sustainable dev.  Cheap ski passes 2001/more snow making machines  Air NZ flights to Shanghai?  Floods 199 bad, snow 2012 good.  Tourists perception of Queenstown  Development of adventure tourism

36. In groups, decide on the AIMS of your research. Plan what, how, where and when you will collect data for your research. Collect data. Individually present, analyse, and draw conclusions that relate to your aims. Evaluate research. When choosing your research topic, it must have a spatial element. You must be able to map some of your findings. Check out what you could map in the following ideas.

37.  Friday, 7 December, 2012 Report reveals campervan tourism is responsible for almost half a billion dollars to the New Zealand tourism industry.  international visitors hired 53,710 campervans during 2011, staying an average of 16.8 days and spending a total of $447.9 million in New Zealand. Domestic residents hired a total of 10,220 campervans during the same period, staying an average of 8.9 days and spending a total of $38.1 million outside their home regions.  Queenstown has the second-largest concentration of campervans in New Zealand, after Auckland.

38.  THL’s Chief Executive Officer, Grant Webster said "Campervan tourists spend on items including campsite fees, fuel, attractions and activities and retail clearly illustrating the value of this sector to community businesses not directly associated with tourism".  Campervan company desks line the arrivals hall of Queenstown Airport and new campervan service depots have been built near the airport in Frankton in the past 18 months.

39. Campervans may be the bane of motorists' lives, especially when stuck behind one. Less spent on Accomodation and Restaurants. Free camping Congestion in CBD Lack of parking

40.  Proposed new casino by Sky City entertainment Group with 10-15 presidential style suites. At present on Beach St. and bets limited to $15,000. Hope to increase this to $150,000 like Auckland.  Is there more to Queenstown than “adrenaline and alcohol” Development of Soft adventure eg mountain bikes on gondola where bikers have access to 500 vertical metres of terrain on gondola hill, trail park at seven mile, and Queenstown trail. Ziptrek Ecotours have created a flying fox where you travel at 70kmsphr.  Growth of golf business. Location of courses and reasons for location.  Differing Perspectives on impacts of T.D. survey tourism users to find their perceptions of facilities/service etc/visitor satisfaction

41.  Lake wakatipu is glacier fed, between 8-12*C, rises and falls by 10cm every 25mins, the result of an atmospheric phenomena.  Characteristics of rivers that make them suited to many activities.  Impact and origins of climate variability.

42. In July 2011 newly installed runway lights were turned on for the first time. Airport management expects the lighting upgrade to lower diversion incidents at the airport due to low visibility. Queenstown is the last major airport in New Zealand to receive such an upgrade. The 2 million dollar project included 34 transformers, 25 km of airfield lighting cable, 124 lights, and was funded by Airways NZ [4] In June 2008, Queenstown Airport Corporation announced plans to install approach, runway and passenger area lighting. Currently Queenstown airport has only Precision Approach Path Indicators (PAPI) available for pilot aid, so flying is limited to daylight hours only. The installation of this additional equipment could see flights arriving as late as midnight, although proposed night flights are controversial within the local community. [4]Precision Approach Path Indicators

43. Gibbston Valley Vineyard  1 st grapes planted by Alan Brady 30yrs ago. Was sheep, now grapes. Increased no of tourists for tastings. Restaurants like WAI, Botswana Butchery, Bella Cucina. There are 42 licensed premises in 1 square mile of the town centre.

44. Local residents perspectives on growth of tourism developments, especially areas where it is ok and areas where it is not.

45. 1 Aim(s) 2 Planning-what you set out to do 3 Collecting-what you did 4 Recording-table of results? 5 Presentation-map(s), graph(s), annotated photo(s), any other ideas? 6 In your writing use geographic terminology (allocentric tourists) and concepts(accessibility) and highlight them. 7 Analyse your findings-write a generalisation of what each presentation tells you in relation to your aim(s) 8 Use secondary data to support or disprove your findings 9 Use these to write a conclusion that relates to your aim(s) 10 Evaluate the research process