1. Classification Systems

2. I.Taxonomy – branch of biology that deals with classifying and naming living things A.Aristotle – Ancient Greek Philosopher 1. Lived 2,000 years ago 2. Grouped plants & animals by structural similarities only

3. B.Carolus Linnaeus – founder of modern taxonomy (mid 1750’s) 1.Created the taxonomic categories that go from general to very specific: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

4. How can you remember? K ing P hillip C ame O ver F or G ood S paghetti

5. General specific Isolated to a Specific organism

6. Taxonomic categories of a plant (Uses “division” instead of phylum)

7. Five Kingdom system Linnaeus developed a 5 Kingdom system. He and other scientists recognized that organisms varied greatly ( not just Plant or Animal)

8. What are the five Kingdoms of living things in order of simple to complex?

9. Monera Bacteria and blue-green algae all prokaryotic (no nucleus)

10. Protista Protizoans, mostly microscopic mostly unicellular, some multicellular all eukaryotic (complex cells)

11. Fungi Mostly multicellular, absorb nutrients Fungus, mold, mushrooms, yeast.

12. Plantae plants, photosynthetic, cells with a wall of cellulose

13. Animalia Animals as simple as a sponge, multicelluar, complex life cycles, tissue layers

14. Some scientists recently divided the Monera Kingdom into two Kingdoms: Eubacteria (complex, recent) Archiobacteria (ancient, few today)

15. II.Naming organisms A.Nomenclature – system for naming things B.Binomial nomenclature – 2 word naming system to create scientific names

16. C.Scientific names are written in a specific way: 1. Genus species 2. genus = noun species = adjective - describes noun 3. The first letter of the genus name is always capitalized and the species name is written in all lowercase 4. The entire scientific name is always underlined or italicized

17. 5. Felis domesticus – means domesticated, or house, cat 6. Latin is the universal language for science – used in all countries around the world 7. Scientific names are better to use than common names because common names change in each region

18. 8.Armadillidium vulgare – can also be known as pill bug, sow bug, roly poly bug, potato bug, etc…

19. Examples Common name: Domestic dog Scientific name: Canis domesticus

20. Common name: Timber Wolf Scientific name: Canis lupus

21. Classifcation of Modern Humans Homo sapiens Kingdom – Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class – Mammalia Order – Primates Family – Hominidae Genus – Homo Species - sapiens

22. III. Taxonomists use specific information to help them classify organisms. A.Structural information – physical structure and anatomy

23. B.Biochemical – DNA, RNA, and protein information (genetics)

24. C.Cytological – similarities in cell structure

25. D.Embryological – patterns of embryo development

26. E.Behavioral – how each different species acts 1.Example: crickets can be distinguished by their mating calls ex. Cricket chirp rate indicates temperature

27. F.Fossil – preserved evidence provides relationships between extinct and modern species.

28. Classification practice (pictures or shapes) Spread out all items so you can see all Choose a “Kingdom” for them. Choose at least 2 Phyla Subdivide the phyla in to classes Subdivide classes into orders…. Go as far as you can.

29. IV Theory of evolution A.New species arise, or evolve, over long periods of time from pre- existing species 1.Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species 2.Phylogenetic trees – show relationships between organisms, help classify new organisms

31. Biological Key Tools to help identify organisms A type of key used that has pairs of opposing statements going form general to specific is called a Dichotomous Key.

33. Wacky People Key 1a Two feet2 1b Some other number of feet 3 2a Does not look at all human 4 2b Looks a lot like a human 5 3a One leg6 3b Three or four legs7 4a Fly-likeMosk Cara 4b Not fly-like8 5a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita 5b Not a girl 9

34. 6a Leg is curled, two feet Ru-ela.Brella 6b Leg is straight, one footGiggles 7a Three legs 10 7b Four legs 11 8a Has webbed feetHex Oculate 8b Clawed feet12 9a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum 9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feetC. Nile 10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk 10b Some other appearance 13 11a Has duck bill, two pinchersTri D. Duckt 11b No arms or pinchers 14 12a Has ears, tail, and beakGrif Leon 12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy 13a One eye, webbed feetCue Kide 13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox 14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos 14b Spider-like, has spotsPatterned mulywumpus