1. What is an American?
Money, freedom of speech, equal rights, the individual, dissatisfied, democratic, “different” – multi-cultural, educated – value education, freedom of religion, excess, overweight, business, family, shaped by the media, helpful to others

2. What is the American Dream?
Stable and secure life, successful, “Better life than parents and for their children to have a better life” , immigrants are drawn to have their success, luxuries, united, prosperous society, respect no matter who you are, peace, happiness (defined individually), safe no matter what, upward social mobility,

3. Why did the Europeans Arrive? Motivation, Ability, etc.
Gold – (Silver) is for the monarchy
God – for some, this means religious freedom (Protestants) – convert the indigenous to Christianity/Roman Catholicism
Glory – for the explorers (ships’ captains) – Conquistadors – heroes
Spices – for trade purposes – improve the flavor of food -

4. Why did the Europeans Arrive? Motivation, Ability, etc.
Ships (sailing) – newer technology – maps, sextant, compass, astrolabe, Isabella & Ferdinand – Spain was newly united – other newly united/centralized power – nations France, Holland/The Netherlands, and England.

5. Why did the Europeans Arrive? Motivation, Ability, etc.

6. Why did the Europeans Arrive? Motivation, Ability, etc.
Isabella and Ferdinand give permission they funded the mission – new nation – unified and wealthy
New Technology – New Ships, Compass, Astrolabe

7. Why did the Europeans Arrive? Motivation, Ability, etc.
Religion, NO land left, curious, looking for Resources – spices, Gold, Technology – ships, sails, compass, astrolabe, New wealth – Spain, France, and England and newly Strong and Centralized Monarchies.

8. Why did the Europeans Arrive? Motivation, Ability, etc.
Europeans (Euroasians)
arrive
in the
new World
Gold, God, Glory – The Three G’s & Spices
Isabelle & Ferdinand – Unified Spain – Centralized Gov’t
Adv Technology in ship and sail design & maps, astrolabe, compass,

11. European Colonial Powers of the 15th-18th Centuies
XEngland
XHolland X X X

12. Why did Expansion/Exploration Occur When it Did?
Unification of Nation-States (England, France, Spain)
Centralized Governments had more $
Technological advancements

13. What the world
Looked like…
Top: 16th (C)entury
Bottom: 18th C.

14. European Expansion

15. Spain What do they want? Three G’s – Land – expansion/Empire
Isabella & Ferdinand
What do they want?
Three G’s –
Gold - $ for the Crown/Monarchy
God – new souls lost to the split in the Roman Catholic Church
Glory – for the conquistadors/soldiers
Spices – most trade in the world involved spice – the reason for Columbus’ venture
Land – expansion/Empire
The Reconquista as a coincidence

16. The Spanish Empire

17. Spain
the New World in

18. Defeat of the Aztecs – Gold ”The enemy of my enemy is…..?”
Charles I of Spain/Charles V of
The Holy Roman Empire
Philip II
Cortes
Defeat of the Aztecs – Gold
”The enemy of my enemy is…..?”
Pizarro – Defeat of the Incas - Silver
Coronado’s search for El Dorado

19. Spanish and Portuguese Families – the Mestizo/”blended” Families
Creole – blend of three – indigenous/
European/african – Sp, Port, and French

20. Spain cont’d Success/Failure?
Indigenous population from 25 Million in 1519 to 2.5 M by 1519 – enslaved the indigenous and brought the first African slaves – conversion to RC of both
Jealousy by other nations, lead to new entries into the colonial era
Too dependent on Gold. What happens when it runs out? What about Inflation?
Few women – intermarriage – less allegiance to Spain

21. The FrencH
In america

22. France What do they want? The two F’s…. Fur – Why? Forests – Why?
Northwest Passage – What is that?
* Conversion of the indigenous is not a priority but a product of expansion

23. Cartier – claims the St.
Lawrence Seaway for France

24. Champlain – Continued with the exploration of the St
Champlain – Continued with the exploration of the St. Lawrence Seaway & continued the search for the Northwest Passage through the Great Lakes

25. Marquette & - Joliet(t) – explore the Great Lakes & Upper Mississippi for the French

26. France cont’d Success or Failure?
Established good trade with the Indians
Converted the Indians
Few women – fur trappers, lumberjacks, and priests – intermarriage with the indigenous
Conflict with England lead to the French & Indian War – loss of all American colonies, except islands off of N. American/Caribbean

28. British Colonies in North America
French
British Colonies
in North America

30. England What do they want? Land – expansion
“Keeping up with the Joneses’”
* unlike the Spanish and French (and consequently, the Portuguese) the English have little government oversight/influence

31. The British Empire

32. Sir Walter Raleigh – Joint-Stock Company
John Cabot – First to “claim” the East coast of upper North America for England
Sir Walter Raleigh – Joint-Stock Company
Virginia – Roanoke Island 1585
(Outer Banks)
Return visit 1590 – village abandoned – all settlers and the settlement itself – vanished - except for “Croatoan“ carved into a tree
Jamestown – 1603 – Joint Stock with more oversight and resupply visits - PROFIT

33. Settling Jamestown

34. England wanted to establish an American colony
Wealth!
POWER!
Jamestown was primarily an economic venture.
The Virginia Company of London financed the settlement of Jamestown. (Stockholders)
Jamestown became the 1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.
PROFITS!!!

35. Jamestown became the first permanent
English settlement in North America in 1607.

37. Africans arrived in Jamestown against their will.
It is believed that they arrived as baptized Christians and so were labeled indentured servants (rather than slaves) for a period of 5 to 7 years.
The arrival of Africans made it possible to expand the tobacco economy. $$$
The arrival of women in 1620 allowed settlers to establish families and a more permanent settlement at Jamestown.

38. Hardships Faced By Settlers
The site they chose to live on was marshy and lacked safe drinking water.
The settlers lacked the skills necessary to provide for themselves.
Many settlers died of starvation and disease. “The Starving Time.”

39. Captain John Smith
As leader of the Jamestown Colony he helped to restore order with one simple rule
“He that will not work, will not eat.”
He also initiated trading relationships with the Powhatan Indian tribes lead by Chief Powhatan.
However, due to an injury he left the colony to return to England in 1609.

40. England cont’d Types of English Colonies Joint-Stock
Colony based on sale of shares/stocks to investors. The crown/monarch gives blessing/permission to establish a colony and gains shares = profit, IF profitable – 1/5 of Gold and Silver
Proprietor
Colony owned by one single owner (proprietor). Purchased from the crown – most successful – Penn(sylvania)
Royal
Owned/controlled directly by the crown/monarch – eventually ALL will be. Direct control from a Royal Governor, appointed by the monarch

41. England cont’d Success or Failure?
English settle with relative ease – little resistance. However, 10-25% of original settlers
English come often with “instant” families - married already, sometimes with children. Or, marry within the settlements in the New World. Men outnumber women, but women come in greater numbers than with the Spanish and/or French
English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 lead to a greater/stronger English Navy
Loss of Spanish gold to English “pirates” aids the English crown
Trade with Spain for gold makes wealthier the English merchants
With Treaty of Paris, 1763, they control much of upper North American (present day Canada and from the East coast to the Mississippi River of the present day U.S.)

43. From Where Did the Puritans Come?
Fall of the
Roman Empire
Religious Experience in Europe
Medieval – Roman Catholic Church
Strong Centralized Papacy (Pope) – “infallable”
Controlled all education – monasteries
Power struggle with new national monarchies
Worldly – seen as too concerned with material and political wealth

44. Origins of the Puritans, cont’d
Renaissance –
Challenges to the Roman Catholic Church –Papal authority challenged
Great Schism/Babylonian Captivity – a kidnapping/murder of a Pope – moved the papacy to France, then back to Rome, then TWO Popes…
Sale of Indulgences – Johann Tetzel/Martin Luther
The “Protestant Reformation”

45. MARTIN LUTHER
The FIRST of the Protest(ants)
Vernacular – NOT Latin but in the language of the people – 1st - German
JOHN CALVIN
Foundation of the Puritans

46. Luther vs. Calvin Luther – 95 Theses Calvin Salvation by “faith alone”
One only has to “believe” to be saved
Priesthood of all believers
Anyone can be a priest/no “priest” needed
Calvin
Predestination is God’s Salvation
The “Elect”
A “Covenant” with God – a pact for God’s grace

47. The English Reformation
ELIZABETH I – TUDOR
1559 -Established the Anglican Church/
Church of England as it is today
HENRY VIII – TUDOR – wanted to
“change wives”
JAMES I – STUART
“King James” Bible
CHARLES I – STUART
1649-Beheaded by the Puritans

48. England was Catholic until…
King Henry VIII wanted a divorce.
He created the Church of England, made himself leader and gave himself the divorce.

49. Henry was replaced by Bloody Mary
She restores Catholicism. Now it is a crime not to be Catholic.
This causes confusion!
Puritans and their values begin here!!!

50. Mary is replaced by her half sister Elizabeth I
She is Protestant.
She restores the Church of England but doesn’t want to reform it or deal harshly with Catholics – blends the TWO together – Protestant with Catholic “trappings”

51. The next king, James I is no better.
He makes no reforms, but gets tired of the constant complaining of the Puritans.
He allows them to leave England if they want and some do.

52. Charles I Represses the Puritans.
He gets tired of the complaining and persecutes them.
This is when many of them leave and come to colonize North America.

54. Pilgrims vs. Puritans Pilgrims – “a pilgrimage” to the New World
Seen as Separatists –must Separate from the
C of E (Church of England)
Puritans – “Purify” the
C of E – “from afar”

55. Plimouth (Plymouth) Plantation (1620)/ Boston (1630)
The Community is only as strong as its weakest member.
“Puritan Work Ethic” – “Idle hands are the devil’s playground”

56. Roger Williams ANNE HUTCHINSON
Puritan Dissenters
Roger
Williams
ANNE
HUTCHINSON

57. Roger Williams
Thought that colonists should pay Indians for the lands that they took from them.
Thought people should be free to worship as they pleased.
Thought that the Puritan church should not regulate your relationship with God.

58. As a result…
He was charged with heresy and was to be sent back to England. Why?
He fled to Providence (name?) R.I. And created a society that guaranteed separation of church and state and religious freedom.

59. Anne Hutchinson
She believed that people could interpret the bible themselves without the help of ministers. Women could preach the word of God!
Was viewed as a real threat to Puritan values.
Was punished for her beliefs and then fled to Rhode Island – then to Long Island -