1. Chapter 2 The American Colonies Emerge

2. Who were the conquistadores? Spanish word for conquerors. Spanish word for conquerors. Came in search of gold and silver. Came in search of gold and silver. Landed in Mexico and the Americas. Landed in Mexico and the Americas. 3 G’s: Gold, Glory, and God 3 G’s: Gold, Glory, and God

3. Who was Hernando Cortes? Explorer who landed in Mexico (1519) Explorer who landed in Mexico (1519) Conquered Aztecs and took their gold. Conquered Aztecs and took their gold. Took over Aztec capital (Tenochtitlan) Took over Aztec capital (Tenochtitlan) Used biological warfare with blankets (small pox) Used biological warfare with blankets (small pox) Built New Spain (new capital called Mexico City) Built New Spain (new capital called Mexico City)

4. What was the social structure like in New Spain? Most who settled New Spain were men. Most who settled New Spain were men. Married American Indian women and created mestizos (part Spanish/American Indian) Married American Indian women and created mestizos (part Spanish/American Indian) Encomienda system- American Indian slave labor system for the Spanish. Encomienda system- American Indian slave labor system for the Spanish.

5. Who settled New Mexico? Juan Ponce De Leon- explored Florida. Established St. Augustine. Juan Ponce De Leon- explored Florida. Established St. Augustine. Other Spanish explorers settled in the Southwest with missionaries (convert American Indians to Christianity) Other Spanish explorers settled in the Southwest with missionaries (convert American Indians to Christianity) Formed Congregaciones to force American Indians to adopt Christianity and European ways. Formed Congregaciones to force American Indians to adopt Christianity and European ways.

6. How did American Indians rebel? Spanish destroyed objects sacred to American Indians. Spanish destroyed objects sacred to American Indians. 1680- Pope led a rebellion against the Spanish. (Pope Rebellion or Pueblo Revolt ) 1680- Pope led a rebellion against the Spanish. (Pope Rebellion or Pueblo Revolt ) 17,000 American Indians rebelled all over New Mexico. 17,000 American Indians rebelled all over New Mexico. New Spain would not be reconquered for 14 more years. New Spain would not be reconquered for 14 more years.

7. What happened at Jamestown? First permanent British colony in the New World (1607) First permanent British colony in the New World (1607) John Smith was the founder. John Smith was the founder. Joint stock company- investors who wanted to get rich. Joint stock company- investors who wanted to get rich. Most settlers starved because they did not find food. Most settlers starved because they did not find food. Powhatan Indians helped early settlers. Powhatan Indians helped early settlers.

8. Jamestown (Continued) John Rolfe- saved Jamestown with his crop of tobacco (brown gold) Married Pocahontas. John Rolfe- saved Jamestown with his crop of tobacco (brown gold) Married Pocahontas. Headright system- each person who came to Jamestow would receive 50 acres of land. Headright system- each person who came to Jamestow would receive 50 acres of land. Indentured servants- in exchange for passage had to work for 4-7 years. Indentured servants- in exchange for passage had to work for 4-7 years. 1619- First Africans arrive in Virginia 1619- First Africans arrive in Virginia

9. How did English colonists treat American Indians? No desire to intermarry with American Indians. No desire to intermarry with American Indians. Colonists needed more land and wanted to take it by force. Colonists needed more land and wanted to take it by force. Royal colony- colonies were under the control of King rather than by a company. Royal colony- colonies were under the control of King rather than by a company. Disregarded American Indian culture. Disregarded American Indian culture.

10. Who held the power in Virginia? Wealthy landowners had the power. Wealthy landowners had the power. Freed indentured servants had little land with no rights and no protection from Indians. Freed indentured servants had little land with no rights and no protection from Indians. Bacon’s Rebellion- raised an army to fight American Indians and also rebelled against the government of Jamestown led by Governor Berkeley (class struggle) Bacon’s Rebellion- raised an army to fight American Indians and also rebelled against the government of Jamestown led by Governor Berkeley (class struggle)

11. What was the House of Burgesses? First colonial legislature in the New World (early 1600’s) First colonial legislature in the New World (early 1600’s) First in Williamsburg, VA First in Williamsburg, VA

12. Why did Puritans come to America? Religious freedom (wanted to purify the Church) Religious freedom (wanted to purify the Church) Every person could experience God through the Bible, faith, and prayer. Every person could experience God through the Bible, faith, and prayer.

13. Who were the Separatists? Also know as the Pilgrims Also know as the Pilgrims Mayflower Compact- established self- government Mayflower Compact- established self- government Wanted to leave the Church of England and form own congregation. Wanted to leave the Church of England and form own congregation. Founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. Founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.

14. What was the Massachusetts Bay Colony like? Founded by Puritans in 1630 (Boston area) Founded by Puritans in 1630 (Boston area) Founded by John Winthrop Founded by John Winthrop All adult male members of the Church could vote All adult male members of the Church could vote Emphasis on Church and family Emphasis on Church and family Stressed a hard work ethic and education Stressed a hard work ethic and education

15. Why did some Puritans leave Massachusetts Bay Colony? Puritans did not allow others with different beliefs to practice their views. Puritans did not allow others with different beliefs to practice their views. Roger Williams- was supportive of American Indians and founded Rhode Island for religious freedom. Roger Williams- was supportive of American Indians and founded Rhode Island for religious freedom. Anne Hutchinson- argued that one could study the Bible on their own without a minister. Moved to RI. Anne Hutchinson- argued that one could study the Bible on their own without a minister. Moved to RI.

16. Why did some Puritans leave Massachusetts Bay Colony? Puritans did not allow others with different beliefs to practice their views. Puritans did not allow others with different beliefs to practice their views. Roger Williams- was supportive of American Indians and founded Rhode Island for religious freedom. Roger Williams- was supportive of American Indians and founded Rhode Island for religious freedom. Anne Hutchinson- argued that one could study the Bible on their own without a minister. Moved to RI. Anne Hutchinson- argued that one could study the Bible on their own without a minister. Moved to RI.

17. How did Puritans treat American Indians? At first, Puritans were friendly with American Indians. At first, Puritans were friendly with American Indians. Tensions grew as Puritans tried to convert Indians. Tensions grew as Puritans tried to convert Indians. Pequot War (1637)- In Connecticut Pequots were destroyed by settlers. Pequot War (1637)- In Connecticut Pequots were destroyed by settlers. King Philip’s War (1675)- English defeated Metacom. King Philip’s War (1675)- English defeated Metacom.

18. What were the New England colonies known for? Founded for religious reasons Founded for religious reasons Mayflower Compact Mayflower Compact Fishing, shipbuilding, commerce Fishing, shipbuilding, commerce Emphasis on education Emphasis on education

19. Who were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson? Roger Williams- founded Rhode Island for religious freedom. Roger Williams- founded Rhode Island for religious freedom. Anne Hutchinson- banished from Mass. Bay for saying people can interpret Bible for themselves. Anne Hutchinson- banished from Mass. Bay for saying people can interpret Bible for themselves.

20. Who settled in New Netherland? Founded by the Dutch in 1621. Founded by the Dutch in 1621. Present day Albany and New York City Present day Albany and New York City Diverse colony Diverse colony

21. Who were the Quakers? Founded Pennsylvania (William Penn) Founded Pennsylvania (William Penn) Friendly towards American Indians Friendly towards American Indians Biggest city was Philadelphia Biggest city was Philadelphia Diverse colony Diverse colony

22. What were the Middle Colonies for? Diverse racial, ethnic, and religious groups Diverse racial, ethnic, and religious groups Centers of trade Centers of trade Biggest cities: New York and Philadelphia Biggest cities: New York and Philadelphia