1. Breads
Ch 23
FS/T

2. Quick Breads Batters thin batters are called pour batters
pancakes
popovers
waffles
stiff batters are called drop batters
drop biscuits
some muffins
some cookies

3. Doughs
shortcake
rolled biscuits
rolled cookies and pastry

4. Quick Bread Ingredients pg 370
Flour - gives structure
all-purpose flour
self-rising flour (has leavening agent and salt in it)
Leavening Agents – produce gases in batters and doughs which make the products rise, becoming light and porous.
baking soda- What gas does it produce and what other ingredients must be present in the recipe for it to work?

5. baking powder – What gas does it produce?
steam – what products use this as a leavening agent?
air – how do you get air into a product?

6. Liquids – they hydrate the protein (to form gluten) and starch in flour, they moisten or dissolve ingredients, can be a leavening agent by forming steam.
water, milk, fruit juices
eggs
fats
Fat – serves as a tenderizing agent by coating the flour particles, causing the dough structure to separate into layers

7. Eggs – help incorporate air, add color, flavor, and contribute to structure
Sugar – gives flavor, has a tenderizing effect, helps crusts brown. In yeast breads, it serves as food for the yeast.
Salt – adds flavor. In yeast breads, it regulates the action of the yeast

8. Food Science Principles of Preparing Quick Breads
Gluten is a protein that gives strength and elasticity to batters and doughs and structure to baked products. When liquid and wheat flour are combined, mixing and kneading help form gluten
think of a piece of bubble gum. As you chew it, it becomes more elastic, and you can blow bubbles, but if you chew it too long, your jaws will start hurting

9. If you mix or handle a batter or dough too much, the gluten will overdevelop. This can cause a quick bread to be compact and tough.
Different types of flour will form different strengths of gluten. Bread flour forms the strongest gluten structure while cake flour has the most delicate.
most baking powders are double-acting, which means that they release some of their carbon dioxide when moistened, but most is released when they are heated.

10. Biscuits Describe the biscuit method. List the steps
Describe/list the characteristics of a high-quality biscuit
even shape with a smooth, level top and straight sides
crust is an even brown
interior is white to creamy white
moist, fluffy and peels off in layers

11. Muffins Describe the muffin method. List the steps.
An under-mixed muffin has a low volume and a flat top. The crumb is coarse
An over-mixed muffin has a peaked top and a pale, slick crust. When broken apart, narrow, open areas called tunnels are visible.

12. Cream Puffs cream puff failures usually are the result of underbaking.
Occasionally, cream puffs will ooze fat during baking. The evaporation of too much liquid can cause this.

13. Yeast Breads
The temperature of the water added to the yeast must be warm ( degrees). If it is too high, it will kill the yeast cells. If the temperature is too low, it can slow or stop yeast activity.
Name the different types of yeast and how to use them. pg 377

14. Mixing Methods for Yeast Breads
Traditional method
One-Rise Method
Mixer Method
Batter Method
uses less flour, so it is thinner than dough
vigorous stirring, rather than kneading, helps develop the gluten.

15. Food Science Principles of Preparing Yeast Breads
Gluten forms the framework of bread. It traps the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast as the dough rises. As the amount of carbon dioxide increases, the dough will rise, giving volume to the bread.

16. Kneading Fermentation Punching the Dough Shaping Baking
some of the gluten will develop during initial beating, kneading develops most of the gluten. Demonstrate kneading
Fermentation
yeast acts on the sugars in the bread dough to form alcohol and carbon dioxide
Punching the Dough
Shaping
Baking
During the first few minutes of baking, the dough will rise dramatically. This rapid rising is called oven spring.

17. Characteristics of Yeast Bread
if you allow bread to rise for too long a time before baking, it may have large, overexpanded cells. The top of the loaf may be sunken with overhanging sides, much like a mushroom. The texture is coarse, and it may be crumble.

18. Timesaving Yeast Bread Techniques
Cool-Rise Doughs – prepared from recipes that are specially designed to rise slowly in the refrigerator.
Refrigerator Doughs
Freezer Doughs
Bread machines
Bread baked in a microwave is microwaved on medium power until it is almost done, then put on high power.