1. Chapter 18:
Classification

2. Classification of 2 different organisms
Red Maple
Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Anthophyta Class: Dicotyledones Order: Sapindales Family: Aceraceae Genus: Acer Species: Acer rubrum
Human
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primata Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens

3. I. Classification A. How Classification Began
1. Classification - grouping of objects or information
based on similarities
2. Taxonomy - branch of Biology that deals with the
grouping and naming of organisms.
years ago Aristotle - Greek philosopher;
developed first classification
system - Two major groups:
plants (herbs, shrubs, trees) &
animals (live on land, in air
or water)

4. Binomial nomenclature – 2 name naming system
– 1778 Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist who developed system of classification that is still used today - based on close relationships of organisms.
Binomial nomenclature – 2 name naming system
Genus & species
italicized or underlined
Genus name is capitalized and species is lower case
Ex: Homo sapiens
Genus - a group of closely related species
species - population of interbreeding organisms
capable of producing fertile offspring

5. Why use scientific names???
Common Names usually have regional (location) differences
Dolphin… dolphin fish… mahi mahi… porpoise… Huh???

6. Mountain Lion? Cougar? Puma?
Puma concolor

7. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
Common Names

8. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
Scientific Name

9. Binomial Nomenclature
Common Name
Scientific Name

10. B. Taxonomy- the study of classification
Why classify?
EASE OF COMMUNICATION
*We need a universal system of naming organisms so that the scientists around the world know they are studying the same organism
2. EASE OF IDENTIFICATION
*It is a useful tool when trying to identify diseases or pathogens quickly – Ex: poisonous vs. non-poisonous mushrooms
3. PROTECTING SPECIES
*Provides economic/ ecological advantages when a particular species produces something useful – Ex: the Pacific Yew produces taxol which may be used in treating some forms of cancer.

11. C. How Living Things are Classified
1. Taxonomic categories - a hierarchy taxon (taxa-plural):
Kingdom,
Phylum,
Class,
Order,
Family,
Genus ,
species
Taxon- group or level into which organisms are classified
King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda

12. II. The six Kingdoms EX: E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus
Kingdom Eubacteria - True bacteria - prokaryotic (no nucleus or organelles), unicellular decomposers or photosynthetic
EX: E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus

13. B. Kingdom Archaebacteria - Prokaryotes, unicellular, microscopic, thrive in extreme environments like salt, lakes, swamps & hot springs. Thought to most closely resemble first life on Earth! Ex: Methanogens, extreme halophiles
Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs
In Yellowstone National Park
Black Smokers on ocean floor

14. C. Kingdom Protista - unicellular and multi-cellular organisms that are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like. Eukaryotic and usually live in moist environments.
                                       
Red Algae
Amoeba
Radiolarian
Paramecium
Diatom
Giant Kelps

15. D. Kingdom Fungi - Mostly multicellular (yeast are unicellular), heterotrophic, chitinous cell walls, eukaryotic, absorbs nutrients obtained by decomposing dead organisms or waste/ detritus (detritivores/ saprobes). Once classified with Plantae.
Mushrooms
Yeast
Bracket Fungi

16. E. Kingdom Plantae - eukaryotic with cell walls of cellulose, multicellular, stationary, autotrophic, producers

17. F. Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular heterotrophs, eukaryotic, no cell walls, and most with highly organized tissue and organ systems.

19. Kingdoms of Life Activity
Use your notes and textbook to complete the Kingdoms of Life Chart (10 minutes)
Finish the WS for HW

20. Autotroph or heterotroph Cell Structures Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Domain: Bacteria
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Mode of Nutrition
Autotroph or heterotroph
Cell Structures
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Cell walls w/o peptidoglycan

21. Domain: Eukarya PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA
Autotroph or heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Some have Cell walls of cellulose, some have CW of silica
Cell walls of chitin
Cell walls of cellulose
No cell walls

23. How Are Relationships Determined?
1. By Evolutionary History (classification) 2. By Development 3. By Biochemistry 4. By Behavior 5. Cladistic Analysis

24. D. How Are Relationships Determined?
1. By evolutionary history (classification) - common ancestors, studying modern day life-forms and comparing them with fossils (ancestors)
*Phylogeny - The evolutionary relationship of a species
2. By development - examining the development stages of animals for similarities to determine their relationships and phylogeny
*Ontogeny – the origin and development of a species
3. By Biochemistry - examining composition in DNA & proteins, more sequences in common mean more closely related. DNA analysis is studying “Molecular Clock”
4. By Behavior - noting similarities in behavioral patterns
5. Cladistic Analysis- classifying based of derived characters (appear in recent lineages)
*Cladogram AKA Phylogenetic Tree

25. Cladogram
Watch this video 
A derived character

26. Cladogram = Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characters such as feathers, hair, or scales
Primate Cladogram

28. It can be helpful to assign letters or symbols to the derived characters in order to draw a clear cladogram

29. The Great Clade Race
Each runner in the race starts at the same point (the starting line)
The course works its way through a forest to the other side (runners can choose different pathways)
Each runner has a card that they get stamped at different checkpoints throughout the course (runners will only have the same stamp if they went through the same checkpoint)
You will be able to determine the layout of the course and which path each runner took by looking at the stamps that each runner received

30. Whiteboard assignment
Draw the course &
Label
The checkpoints
Where the runners left the forest
Questions to think about
Think about the Great Clade Race as an analogy for evolution
What do each of the following represent:
Runners
Checkpoints
The Race Course

31. Discussion Questions
Describe the analogy between evolution and this activity.
Runners
Checkpoints
The Race Course
Could you tell which path went left or right?
Could you tell how long each segment was?
In the biological case, why are organisms on different paths?
What do the forks in the road mean?
Can organisms lose stamps in nature?

32. MEG
JIM
PETER
MICHAEL
PAM
CHRIS
LOIS
DWIGHT

33. Extension
Thinking in the biological sense, how would this card change your course

34. MEG
JIM
PETER
MICHAEL
PAM
CHRIS
LOIS
9th
DWIGHT
Why would this happen?

35. Extension
Thinking in the biological sense, how would this card change your course

36. MEG
JIM
PETER
MICHAEL
PAM
CHRIS
LOIS
9th
DWIGHT
Why would this happen?

37. Examples of Cladograms