1. Chapter 27
The Age of Imperialism

2. Section 1 “The Scramble for Africa”
Ignoring the claims of ethnic African groups, kingdoms, and city-states, Europeans establish colonies

3. Why Europeans were not interested in Africa until 19th c.
Europeans considered Africa Dark Continent.
So many geographical barriers e.g. thick forests.
Tropical diseases such as Malaria.
Transportation difficulties e.g. couldn’t use horses due to Tse Tse flies.
Scientific discoveries made it easy to live in Africa (see picture)
Explorations also made Africa known to the world
This led to the scramble for Africa
Cinchona tree. Scientists discovered quinine, the cure for Malaria from this tree. 3

4. Africa Before European Domination
Problems Discourage Exploration
Armies, rivers, and disease
Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
Imperialism-seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach interior of Africa

5. Dark Continent Revealed
Adventurous explorers & geographic societies sought to uncover the mysteries of inner Africa,
esp. the course of the main rivers
curious about what mineral wealth may lie inside Africa
David Livingstone (Scot) doctor, missionary
explored southern and central Africa
Zambezi R…Victoria Falls…Congo River
Henry Stanley (Am) journalist went in search of Livingstone when lost touch
explored Nile, Congo
claimed Congo for Belgium (King Leopold II)
David Livingstone
Henry Stanley 5

6. European Explorations in mid-19c: “The Scramble for Africa”

7. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”7

8. How/Why Did It Begin?
This is Belgium This is Congo

9. How/Why Did It begin?
Congo River Valley Chiefs signed treaties that gave King Leopold II of Belgium personal control of these lands
Leopold claimed he planned on ending the slave trade there
He licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans
The Belgian Congo is 80 times larger than Belgium
This alarms other European countries, who start claiming lands of their own all over Africa

10. King Leopold II, Belgium & the Congo
Stanley used a combination of promises, threats and trickery when meeting a new chief,
attached a buzzer to his hand which was linked to a battery
When the chief shook hands with Stanley he got a mild electric shock. This device convinced the chiefs that Stanley had superhuman powers.
The agreements allowed the Belgians into the Congo to take its rich natural resources. 
Henry Stanley 10

11. King Leopold The Congo Sparks Interest
Henry Stanley helps King Leopold II of Belgium acquire land in Congo
Leopold brutally exploits Africans; millions die
Belgian government takes colony away from Leopold
Much of England begins to claim parts of Africa
King Leopold

12. private estate. Natives Congo suffered greatly.
King Leopold, the king
of Belgium, ruled
the Congo like his own
private estate. Natives
that did not supply
enough rubber had
their hands cut off.
While
the king profited, the
people of the Belgian
Congo suffered greatly.

14. Forces Driving Imperialism
Belief in European Superiority
Race for colonies grows out of national pride
Racism-belief that one nation is better than others
Social Darwinism-natural selection applied to human society

15. The Social-Darwin Differences
Western (White Europeans)
Inventive
Scientific
Rational
Self-Controlled
Democratic
Civilized
Economically Progressive
Moral Christian
Independent
Eastern (Non-whites, Non-European)
Ignorant
Irrational
Superstitious
Lazy
Childlike
Savage
Dependent

16. Social Darwinism

17. Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
Technological inventions like steam engine, Maxim gun help conquest
Within Africa, Africans are divided by culture and language

19. The Division of Africa Lure of Wealth
Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest in colonization

20. Berlin Conference & the Scramble for Africa
Called by Otto von Bismarck
Br, Fr, Ger, It, Bel, Port meet (Africa absent)
Western powers lay the rules for dividing up Africa
Ignored traditional tribal boundaries …would create problems later 20

21. Berlin Conference Divides Africa
Fourteen nations agree on rules for division
Countries must claim land and prove ability to control it
By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia are free of European control

22.                                                                                           <>

23. Berlin Conference of
Another point of view? 

24. Berlin Conference of

25. Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies
Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in Africa
Businesses develop cash-crop plantations
Peanuts
Palm oil
Cocoa
rubber

26. Harvesting Rubber

27. Three Groups Clash over South Africa
Shaka-Zulu chief-creates centralized state around 1816
British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation in 1887
Zulu king Cetshwayo

28. Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

29. Zulu War, 1879 29

30. Boers and British Settle in the Cape
The first Europeans to settle South Africa were the Dutch. They later became known as the Boers (also called Afrikaners).
British control of South Africa caused a clash between the Boers and British.
Boers move north on the Great Trek, but clash with Zulus

31. The Boer Wars
After the discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa, the Boers tried to keep outsiders coming into South Africa from gaining political rights.
The First Boer War was briefly fought in and successfully kept the British from annexing Boer territory called Transvaal (in orange).

32. The Great Trek,
Afrikaners

33. Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds

34. The Boer War Between the Boers and the British Begins in 1899
British win
Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (1910)

35. Southern Africa AFRICA European Territory
In 1910, with southern Africa secure, the British established the Republic of South Africa and instituted apartheid.
Apartheid – government policy calling for separation of the races.
South
Africa
Cape Colony
Cape
Town

36. A Future British Prime Minister
British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

37. Scramble for Africa Consequences Traditional way of life disrupted
Pastoral and warrior traditions
Grazing lands depleted
Most Africans were little affected until Christianity went against traditions  Islam gains grounds
Economic exploitation of Africans
Africans saw Europeans as rivals for profits
Resistance movements failed
European racism imported into Africa
Spread of European culture
Christian mission school educate African children
Spread of Western technology
Guns change warfare (violence increases, greater devastation)
Rise of African Nationalism 37

38. Effects of Imperialism
European Imperialism by 1914
Britain
France
Germany
Belgium
Home Area
(Square Miles)
94,000
212,600
210,000
11,800
Home Population
(Millions)
45.5 42
67.5
8.3
Global Colonial Area
(Millions of Sq. Miles)
13.1
4.3
1.1
.94
Global Colonial Population (Millions)
470 65 13

39. Effects of Imperialism
European Imperialism by 1914
Region
Percentage Colonized
Australia
100%
Africa
90.4%
Asia
56.5%
Americas
27.2%