1. Unit 1 – Organization of the Human Body
Human A&P

2. I. Anatomy and Physiology
Body structures and the relationship between structures
Anatomy is defined as_______________________
_________________________________________
ie. What the parts___________!)
B. Physiology is defined as ______________________
(ie. How the parts__________!)
ARE
Body Functions
WORK

3. It is hard and does not move. It surrounds the brain.
ANATOMY
C. Structure (_______________) and Function (_____________) are closely tied together. 1. Structure _____________function Ex. What is the function of the skull? Explain the structure of the skull?
PHYSIOLOGY
DICTATES
To protect the brain.
It is hard and does not move. It surrounds the brain.

4. II. Types of Anatomy Structure viewed with the naked eye.
Gross Anatomy - ____________________________
___________________________________________
Structure viewed with the naked eye.
Ex. sheep heart

5. B. Microanatomy - ________________________________ ______________________________________________
Structure viewed under magnification
Ex – bone tissue

6. C. Regional Anatomy - ____________________________ _____________________________________________
all structures for a given area (both gross and microanatomy)
Ex. Head and neck

7. D. Systemic Anatomy - ____________________________ ______________________________________________
all of the structures for a given organ system (includes gross anatomy and microanatomy)
Ex. – Respiratory System

8. III. Levels of Body Organization
Chemical
1. ___________________ - especially C, H, O, N
2. ___________________-water, carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)
Atoms
Compounds

9. Nerve cells are long and thin to carry info
B. _______________________ 1. ______________- the basic unit of structure and function of living things a. Cells contain _________________ that perform certain functions b. Cells differ in their _____________ and _________________.
CELLULAR
Cells
organelles
structure
function
Ex.
Nerve cells are long and thin to carry info

10. TISSUE
C. _______________________ 1. Tissue -____________________________________ ___________________ (there are four types – epithelial, connective, muscular, & nervous……which we will study in detail in a later unit)
A group of cells that work together to perform a certain task

11. ORGANS
D. _____________________ 1. Organs - ___________________________________ __________________________________________
Have 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform a certain function
Ex – the stomach has epithelial tissue inside and outside and muscle tissue between them. It also has nervous tissue and blood (which is connective tissue.) They all work together to help you digest your BIG MAC!

12. E. _____________________
ORGAN SYSTEMS
E. _____________________
1. Organ Systems - ____________________________
__________________________________________
2. The Major organ systems of the human body are:
1. __________________ 7.___________________
2. __________________ 8.___________________ 3. __________________ 9.___________________
4.__________________ 10. __________________
5. __________________ 11.__________________
6. __________________
A group of organs that work together to perform the same function
Integumentary
Lymphatic
Skeletal
Digestive
Nervous
Urinary
Reproductive
Muscular
Respiratory
Endocrine
Cardiovascular

13. a. Organ systems work with each other to ___________ the organism.
maintain
Ex – digestive system

14. ORGANISMAL
F. _____________________ 1. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________
All of the organ systems combine to form the organism (such as a human)

15. IV. 6 Life Processes in Humans
Metabolism - ______________________________
__________________________________________
1. Types of metabolism
a. Anabolism - __________________________ _____________________________________
b. Catabolism - ___________________________
______________________________________
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
when simple molecules join to make larger molecules  requires energy (ATP)
Ex – monosaccharides join to make glucose
when large molecules break into into simpler ones  releases energy (ATP)
Ex – breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O

16. B. _________________________ - the ability of the body to react to a changing internal and external environment C. _______________________ - Including that of the entire body, body parts, cells and organelles within the cells. D. ________________________ - an increase in body size due to increasing the number of cells, the size of cells, or the amount of material around the cells.
RESPONSIVENESS
MOVEMENT
GROWTH

17. E. _________________________- when unspecialized cells (like _______________) develop into a specific cell type such as a white blood cell or a muscle cell. F. __________________________ - production of new cells or an entire new human.
DIFFERENTIATION
STEM CELLS
REPRODUCTION

18. V. Body Plan Anatomical Position - _________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
Subject stands in front of the observer with head and feet facing forward, arms down at side and palms out to the observer

19. B. Major Regions of the Body
Head (cephalic)
Neck (cervical)
Trunk
Upper Limb
Lower Limb

20. C. Minor Body Regions 1. Head (cephalic)
Forehead (frontal)
Eye (orbital)
Ear (otic)
Cheek (buccal)
Nose (nasal)
Mouth (oral)
Chin (mental)

21. 2. Neck (cervical)
There is none 

22. 3. Upper Limb Shoulder (acromial) Upper arm (brachial)
Armpit (axillary)
Front of elbow (antecubital)
Forearm (antebracheal)
Wrist (carpel)
Palm (palmer)
Fingers (digital)
Manual = wrist, fingers and palm

23. 4. Lower Limb Thigh (femoral) shin (crural)
Kneecap (patellar)
Hollow behind knee (popliteal)
shin (crural)
Calf (sural)
Heel (calcaneal)
Ankle (tarsel)
Foot (pedal)
Sole (plantar)
Toes (digital)

24. 5. Trunk - anterior Chest (Thoracic) Breast (mammary)
Naval (umbilical)
Abdomen (Abdominal)
Pelvis (pelvic)
Hip (coxal)
Groin (inguinal)
Pubis (pubic)

25. 5. Trunk - posterior Back (dorsal) Spinal Column (vertebral)
Shoulder blade (scapular)
Back (dorsal)
Loin (lumbar)
Between Hips (sacral)
Buttock (gluteal)

26. VI. Directional Terms Why? ______________________________________
___________________________________________
We need these in order to describe the position of one part as compared to the position of another part.

27. Superior or Cranial Toward the head
TERM
Definition
Example
Superior or Cranial Toward the head
Inferior or caudal Toward the feet
Ventral or anterior Toward or at the
front of the body (in
front of)
Dorsal or posterior Toward or at the
back of the body
(behind)
** The terms ventral and anterior are synonymous in humans, but not in four legged animals.

28. Closer to the origin of the body part on the body trunk Proximal
TERM
Definition
Example
Closer to the origin of the body part on the body trunk
Proximal
Distal Farther from the
origin of a body
part on the body
trunk
Superficial or External Toward or at the
body surface
Deep or Internal Away from the
body surface

29. Toward or at the midline of the body Medial
TERM
Definition
Example
Toward or at the midline of the body
Medial
Lateral Away from the
midline of the body

30. YOU NEED TO ADD THIS TO YOUR NOTES!
Prone: _________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Supine:________________________________________ _____________________________________________
When the subject is lying with the ventral surface down (“Face down”)
When the subject is lying with the dorsal surface down (“Face up”)

31. VII. Types of Body Planes
A. ____________________ - divides the body horizontally
Transverse

33. B. ____________________ - divides the body into front and back (anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal)
Frontal

35. C. ____________________ - divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves
Midsagittal

37. D. ____________________ - divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves E. ____________________ - Cuts at an odd angle
Parasagittal
Oblique

38. VIII. Body Cavities
A. Definition: _________________________________ __________________________________________
Space inside the body to contain, protect, separate and support internal organs

39. B. Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic
Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Abdomino-
pelvic
Cavity

40. Mediastinum Cavity (contains parts of trachea, esophagus & bronchi)
1. Sub-Cavities within the Thoracic Cavity
Mediastinum Cavity (contains parts of trachea, esophagus & bronchi)
Right Pleural Cavity (contains right lung)
Pericardial cavity
(contains heart)
Left Pleural Cavity
(contains left lung)

41. 2. Two Sub-cavities of the Abdomino-pelvic cavity
Abdominal Cavity
(contains digestive organs, liver, spleen & kidneys)
Pelvic Cavity
(contains urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs & rectum)

42. C. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity (contains brain)
Vertebral Cavity
(contains spinal cord)

43. IX. Body Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Right Upper Quadrant
(RUQ)
Unique to the gall bladder & contains majority of the liver

44. Right Lower
Quadrant
(RLQ)
Unique to the appendix & contains part of large intestines & small intestines

45. Left Upper
Quadrant
(LUQ)
Contains majority of the stomach

46. Left Lower
Quadrant
(LLQ)
Contains small intestines & large intestines