1. The Skeletal System
By Carolyn Halford

2. The Skeletal System Includes all the bones of the body
Also includes the joints the bones attach to
Without a skeleton, even a simple bump on the head could injure vital organs
The bones of the skeletal system are stronger than steel

3. The skeletal system The entire skeletal system of an adult weighs……
Less than 10 kilograms
If you attempted to replace the human skeleton with a steel skeleton that was just as strong, it would weigh……
About 400 kilograms!
Still not as resilient as bone

4. Name it! Harder than reinforced concrete Lighter than stainless steel
_________ is the near-perfect framework for the human body
The answer?
BONE

5. Basic shapes of bone
This system has bones that come in 4 basic shapes:
Long bones (femur)
Short bones (wrist, ankle)
Flat bones (skull, scapula)
Irregular bones (vertebrae)

6. The Skeletal System There are 5 ways the skeletal system helps us
These are:
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Homeostasis

7. Support Primary job of the skeleton Without bones, we would collapse
Skeletons are strong, but must also be lightweight

8. Protection
Skeleton protects all internal organs and fragile tissues (brain, eyes, heart, lungs, spinal cord)
Cranium protects the brain and eyes
Ribs protect heart and lungs
Vertebrae protects spinal cord

10. Movement
Bones provide structure for muscles to attach (allowing movement)
Tendons are tough inelastic bands that attach muscle to bone

11. Storage Bones have osteocytes These are cells that are able to store:
Calcium
Phosphorous
Fatty acids

12. Homeostasis Bones regulate the amount of blood calcium in our bodies

13. The skeletal system This system has 2 distinctive parts
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Let’s see what they’re all about!

14. The axial skeleton Total of 80 bones
Consists of the vertebral column, the rib cage and the skull
Transmits the weight from the head, the trunk and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints
Helps in maintaining upright posture

16. The appendicular skeleton
Total of 126 bones
Formed by the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle and the lower limbs
Has two primary functions

17. Functions To make walking, running, and other movement possible
To protect major organs
Responsible for digestion, excretion, and reproduction

19. Who has more bones? Actually, BABIES have more bones
At birth, you have about 300 bones
As you get older, small bones join with larger bones
Adults end up having approx. 206 bones

20. Are bones alive? YES Old bones are dry, dead, and brittle
In the human body, however, bones are very much alive
Bones are a mixture of
Strength
Living cells (aiding in growth and self-repair)

21. What is a bone made of? Outer layer of hard or compact bone
Called Pereosteum (contains blood vessels)
Inside is spongy bone (similar to honeycomb, flexible)
Some bones have bone marrow in the middle (jelly-like) –location of new cells being produced for the blood
Bone cells can stay strong with the help of the vital mineral Calcium

22. Bone marrow There are 2 types of bone marrow:
Your body can actually convert yellow bone marrow into red bone marrow if there is an increased demand for red blood cell production
Red- building blocks of blood; where red blood cells are produced
Yellow- mostly consists of fat; place to store fatty acids

24. Bone tissue There are 2 types of bone tissue:
Compact bone- dense, smooth, and very strong
Cancellous bone- spongy and lightweight
Both tissues contain living cells
Aids in repair if a bone is injured or broken

25. How do bones break and heal?
A broken bone is referred to as a fracture
When a bone is broken, the bone produces new cells to rebuild the bone
Cells cover both ends of the broken section of the bone to close up the break

26. Fractures There are 7 main types of fractures of the bone:
Simple-bone doesn’t break skin
Compound- broken ends do break skin
Complete- 2 parts of bone
Partial- broken bone, but not specifically 2 parts
Impacted-broken ends are wedged together
Comminuted-breaks into fragments
Spiral- result of twisting bone; has rough edges

27. How do I keep healthy bones?
Need regular exercise to remain strong
Drinking milk and eating other dairy products, which contain calcium, help bones harden

28. Joints (aka “articulations”)
Every bone in the body forms a joint with at least one other bone (only one exception)
With fewer joints, we would move like robots
There are 2 functions of joints:
To hold bones together securely
Give rigid skeleton mobility

29. Joints Joints are classified in 2 ways:
Functionally- focused on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
Structurally- fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints are based on what separates the bony regions at the joints

30. Fibrous joints Bones connected by fibrous tissue
An example of this is the sutures of the skull, where irregular edges of the bones interlock and are bound tightly together by connective tissue fibers
This essentially allows no movement
Syndesmoses- connecting fibers longer than those of sutures ( joints have more “give”)

31. Cartilaginous joints The bone ends are connected by cartilage
Examples of this are:
pubic symphysis of the pelvis
invertebral joints of the spinal column (which are connected by pads of fibrocartilage)

32. Synovial joints
The articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity that contains synovial fluid
Synovial joints have the most freedom out of the other two types of joints

33. Joints Skeleton has over 200 joints (when bones come together)
Ligaments are strong inelastic bands of connective tissue that help hold bones together at joints
Where the bones come together at joints there is a cushion of cartilage that helps protect the bones
Cartilage helps to prevent the bones from rubbing against each other and wearing down the bone

34. It’s Quiz Time!

35. Question #1 What does our Skeleton do for our bodies?
Support
Protection
Movement
All of the above
(All of the above is CORRECT)

36. Question #2 What holds bones together? Tendons Ligaments Cartilage
Marrow
(Ligaments is CORRECT)

37. Question #3 What attaches your muscles to bones? Ligaments Cartilage
Tendons
Cranium
(Tendons is CORRECT)

38. Question #4 Why is bone marrow important? Marrow is very hard
Marrow makes oxygen
Marrow makes blood cells
Marrow cleans your blood
(Marrow makes blood cells is CORRECT)

39. What is an X-ray?
Image produced when a small amount of radiation passes through  the body and strikes a sheet of sensitive film placed on the opposite side of the body
Bones contain calcium, therefore not allowing much radiation through (which causes bones to show up as white images on X-ray film)
Radiologists specialize in reading and making sense of X-rays

40. Study of the skeletal system
Orthopedics is the medical specialty responsible for treating entire skeletal system
In the US, orthopedic surgeons have typically completed 4 years of undergraduate education and 4 years of medical school
Then undergo residency training in orthopedic surgery
The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery oversees the certification process for this specialty
Many go on to further specialize in specific areas, such as the spine, hand or sports injuries

41. Diseases of the system
Can you guess what it is?
Osteoporosis

42. What is it?
Osteoporosis is the disease in which the bones become weak and are more likely to break
People with osteoporosis most often break bones in the hip, spine, and wrist
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43. Who gets it?
In the United States, more than 40 million people either already have osteoporosis or are at high risk due to low bone mass
Osteoporosis can occur in both men and women and at any age, but it is most common in older women

44. What are the causes?
Gender- women get osteoporosis more often than men
Age- the older you are, the greater your risk of osteoporosis
Body size- small, thin women are at greater risk
Ethnicity- white and Asian women are at highest risk; Black and Hispanic women have a lower risk
Family history- osteoporosis tends to run in families; If a family member has osteoporosis or breaks a bone, there is a greater chance that you will too

45. Some other causes?
Anorexia nervosa- this eating disorder can lead to osteoporosis
Calcium and vitamin D intake- a diet low in calcium and vitamin D makes you more prone to bone loss
Medication use- certain medicines increase the risk of osteoporosis
Activity level- lack of exercise or long-term bed rest can cause weak bones
Smoking- cigarettes have proven to be bad for bones (and the heart, and lungs, too)
Drinking alcohol- too much alcohol can cause bone loss and broken bones

46. Can it be prevented? There are several ways to avoid osteoporosis:
Eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
Exercise
Don’t drink or smoke in excess

47. Connection to systems You might be wondering:
“How does the skeletal system relate to all of the other vital systems of the human body?”
To answer your question, it’s relationship with each system is unique and important to keep the body healthy

48. Integumentary system Indirect relationship with the “skin”
Vital because the calcium keeps bones hard and strong
In the presence of sunlight, a vitamin D precursor is produced in the dermal capillary blood

49. Endocrine system
Hormones acting individually and in concert direct skeletal growth during youth, and enhance (or impair) skeletal strength in adults
Growth hormone is essential for normal skeletal growth and maintenance throughout life

50. Muscular System
If we participate in weight-bearing exercise regularly, our muscles become more efficient and exert more force on our bones
As a result, our bones stay healthy and strong and increase their mass to assume the added stress
Regular exercise also stretches the connective tissues binding bones to muscles and to other bones, and reinforcing joints

51. FUN FACTS ARE ON THE WAY!

52. Fun fact #1
The hyoid bone (which is in your throat) is the only bone in the body not attached to another bone

54. Fun fact #2
The smallest bones in the body are the three bones in the ear (anvil, stirrup, and hammer)

56. Fun fact #3
The collarbone (scientific name: clavicle) is the most commonly broken bone in the body

57. http://www. thedisabledlist

58. After death, cartilage rots faster than bone
Fun fact #4
After death, cartilage rots faster than bone
This is why skulls have no ears or nose

59. Citations
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology by Elaine N. Marieb
hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.html