1. REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 AND 1848

2. What are the reasons for revolutions?
Consider the causes of the French Revolution
Consider the causes of the Latin American Revolutions

3. Liberty Leading the People

4. Where is this happening? How can you tell?
What has happened/is happening in the scene?
What is meant by Liberty leading the people?

5. Background to the 1830 Revolution
Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) regained the throne – What was the principle of restoring the rightful leaders back to power?
What was the name of the famous conference after Napoleon’s time in power when leaders tried to get Europe back to normal?

6. Louis XVIII and Liberal Reforms
Approved a constitution – the Charter of French Liberties
Two-house legislature and limited freedom of the press

7. Charles X Takes the Throne
Louis XVIII died in 1824; brother Charles X takes over
Charles X believed in absolutism – What does this mean?
What do you think he will do with the constitution? Why?
Suspends the legislature and restricts the right to vote and limits freedom of the press

8. Citizens Led the July Revolution
Angry liberals and RADICALS (those favoring extreme change) took to the streets
“To the barricades!”
Fired on soldiers and pelted them with stones and roof tiles
The revolutionary tri-color flag flew from the towers of Notre Dame cathedral
Charles X fled to England

9. The “Citizen King” Rules France
Radicals wanted to establish a republic
Moderate liberals chose a constitutional monarchy
Louis Philippe, cousin of Charles X chosen, because during his youth, he supported the 1789 French Revolution
Louis Philippe got along with the liberal bourgeoisie
Louis’ policies favored the wealthy – the majority of people could still not vote

10. Louis Philippe – The “Citizen King”
He supported the 1789 Revolution
Later in his career, his government was marked by corruption and greed

11. Louis Philippe as Gargantua

12. The Spirit of Reform Spreads
Metternich – Austrian foreign minister
“When France sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
Ex. Belgian independence
Belgium had been united with Holland and was ruled by the Dutch king
Belgian bourgeoisie resented that (Belgians spoke different language and had different religion)

13. Belgium Gains Independence
1830 Uprising in Paris inspired Belgians – they can do it too! Yes we can!
Belgians took up arms against Dutch troops in Brussels
Britain and France believed they would benefit from the separation of Belgium and Holland – supported the Belgian demand for independence
1831 – Belgium becomes independent and has a liberal constitution

14. Rebels Fail in Poland
In the late 1700s, Poland was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria
The Poles hoped to regain their independence at the Congress of Vienna
It didn’t happen. Instead most of it went to Russia
In 1830, Polish students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt.
They failed to get enough support and the Russian brutally crushed the revolt.

15. The French Revolt Again in 1848
Radicals such as Utopian Socialists wanted the end of private property
Louis Philippe’s government was corrupt
Recession caused unemployment
Poor harvests – bread prices rose
February 1848 – government tried to limit people’s freedom to assemble and express their frustration

16. 1848 Revolt in Paris
People took to the barricades and clashed with royal troops
Louis Philippe abdicated
Liberal, radical, and socialist leaders proclaimed the Second Republic (the first was from 1792 – 1804 when Napoleon became emperor)

17. The Second Republic Was Deeply Divided
Middle-class liberals wanted moderate political reforms
Socialists wanted major changes
Forced the government to set up national workshops to provide jobs for the unemployed
Bourgeois liberals gained greater control of the government and shut down the workshops

18. More Fighting in Paris in 1848
Angry workers rioted in the streets
Bourgeois liberals commanded the army to put down the riot – 1,500 people died in fighting
Peasants turned against the workers because they feared that as socialists, they would want to confiscate their land
A bitter legacy – middle-class distrusted the socialists and the workers hated the bourgeoisie

19. A New Napoleon Comes to Power
The National Assembly was dominated by members who wanted to restore order
It created a strong president and one house legislature
Extended voting rights to all adult men – widest suffrage in Europe – 9 million Frenchmen could vote compared with only 200,000 before

20. A New Napoleon Comes to Power
Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon is elected
The working class supported the new Napoleon – sympathetic to poverty
The conservatives supported him – famous family name, hoping to regain glory days
1852 – crowned himself Napoleon III – end of the Second Republic and beginning of Second Empire
Used a plebiscite (vote of the people) to uphold this power play – 90% of voters supported his move to establish the Second Empire

21. The New Napoleon
Economy recovered in 1850s – bourgeoisie were happy

22. Revolution Surges Through Europe
1848 – Revolution in Paris set off revolutions around Europe
Grievances had been piling up
Middle-class liberals wanted greater political rights
Workers demanded relief from miseries of Industrial Revolution
Nationalists wanted independence from foreign rule

24. What countries on the map experienced uprisings/revolutions?

25. Austrian Revolution Revolts in major cities
Remember Metternich? For what famous event was he the chief organizer?
Metternich censored newspapers but books were smuggled into universities
Workers and students took control of the streets in Vienna
Metternich resigned and fled in disguise

26. Conclusion
“You say you want a revolution. Well you know. We all want to change the world. You say you want a constitution. Well, you know. We all want to change the world.”
Who said this?
What caused the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848? Long-term causes? Short-term causes?