1. Imperialism

2. A. Imperialism – intentional control by an industrial developed nation over a less developed region or nation. This control is usually political, economic, social, or cultural.
B. Old Imperialism ( )
1. Took place during the Age of
Exploration
2. European countries, companies, and private individuals established trade routes to obtain resources, acquire land, and as an effect subjugate indigenous populations.
3. Took place mainly in North America, South America, and the Caribbean Region.

3. C. New Imperialism (1850 – 1952)
1. Carried out mainly by governments as official policy in Africa and Asia
2. Similar to goals of Old Imperialism except there was also an interest in creating markets and places worthy of financial investments.
3. Aspects of Imperialism
a. Economic Reasons
i. Nations wanted to find and sustain new markets indefinitely for the growing number of goods produced because of the Industrial Revolution.
ii. Sought out rich regions for their raw natural materials, that would be turned into finished, manufactured products.
iii. Rise of wealthy businessmen and companies (They expected their governments to send soldiers to protect their investments from other imperialistic nations and from indigenous populations)

4. a. Nations want to gain prestige and power
4. Political Reasons
a. Nations want to gain prestige and power
b. Germany and Italy want to catch up with long time Imperial powers France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands.
c. Leaders engaged in jingoism - nationalism marked by an aggressive foreign policy.
d. Wanted places for military bases and coal stations.
e. Potential source of man-power for European
armies.

5. 5 . Social Reasons
a) European nations thought their way of life was superior (ethnocentrism) and that it was their obligation and right to spread their culture.
b) exemplified by Kipling in poem “White Man’s Burden”
i.) Social Darwinism – biased idea of racial superiority “survival of the fittest”
ii.) Thought it was natural for stronger societies to conquer weak societies
c. Christian missionaries want to convert
indigenous populations to Christianity and
improve health and living conditions.
d. Some doctors, engineers, educators, and scientists went for humanitarian purposes.

6. Imperialism

7. Forms of Imperialism Colony – foreign power directly controls area
Protectorate – indigenous government kept as long as long as it did what the foreign power wanted
Puppet government
Sphere of Influence – foreign power rules through exclusive trade agreements
Concession- foreign nation obtaining special priviledges
Mandate – region is placed under contemporary control by an international organization

8. North Africa French involvement Algeria Tunisia – taken in 1881
Starting in 1830’s it takes France over 10 years and 100,000 soldiers to control Algeria
Opposed by Abd al Qadir
Tunisia – taken in 1881
Morocco – sticking point, but taken by 1905
1,000,000 French in North Africa by 1905

9. Abd al Qadir

10. French in Algeria

11. North Africa British Involvement Egypt – Suez Canal finished in 1869
Egyptian government sells land to England to pay for debt.
People don’t like this and revolt against Egyptian government
England seizes Suez Canal
Sudan – taken in 1889
French claim it too – compromise: British will recognize French claim to Morocco and keep Sudan

12. Suez Canal

13. Suez Canal

14. North Africa Italian Involvement
1911 – takes Libya from Ottoman Empire
Checked with England and France
Not difficult
Vindication after loss in Ethiopia

15. Sub-Saharan Africa West Africa Europe trading since 1700’s
“Triangular Trade”
Europeans push inward in 1870’s

16. Triangular Trade

17. Berlin Conference of 1884 European Powers break up Africa
Conference Resolution

18. Imperialization of Africa

19. Sub-Saharan Africa Independent States Liberia Ethiopia
Founded in 1822 by James Monroe
Freedmen could return to Africa
Protected by USA
Ethiopia
Attacked by Italy
King Menelik unites tribes and crushes Italians
No other country tries

20. King Menelik

21. South Africa First settled by Dutch
Afrikaners – Dutch settlers
Boers – Dutch farmers
Became English possession after Napoleonic Wars
Outlaw slavery – Boers are NOT happy
Afrikaners move inland – Orange Free State and Transvaal

22. South Africa

23. South Africa Boer War of 1899 1910 – Union of South Africa formed
English defeat the Afrikaners
Ban slavery, but state that indigenous population can not participate in government
1910 – Union of South Africa formed
Unites all the territories
Apartheid is put in place
African National Congress (ANC) starts in 1912
Nelson Mandela leads movement against apartheid (1961)
Imprisoned for 26 years on Robben Island ( )
Released and becomes first indigenous president of South Africa ( )

24. Latin America Remember “Conquistadors”? Mostly Economic Imperialism
United Fruit Company
Started by Minor Keith
Controls the rail-lines and therefore the banana trade in several countries
Use these resources to convince, with USA governmental support, Latin American governments

25. Minor Keith

26. Latin America United Fruit Company called “El Pulpa”
monopolized the banana trade
exploited workers
aided small dictatorships known as “banana republics.”

27. United Fruit Company

28. Latin America Teddy Roosevelt Adds corollary to Monroe Doctrine
USA could intervene to stop “chronic wrongdoing” through out the western hemisphere
Used to meddle in Latin American affairs

29. Roosevelt Corollary

30. Modern Imperialism Does Imperialism exist today? Economic? Cultural?
Colonialism?