2. The Growth of Democracy, 1824—1840
Chapter Eleven
The Growth of Democracy, 1824—1840

3. Part One
Introduction

4. Focus Questions
What was the role of Andrew Jackson’s presidency in affirming and solidifying the new democratic politics?
What part did the transportation revolution play in unifying the nation?
How was the basic two-party pattern of American political democracy established?
How did writers and artists and their audiences create a distinctive American cultural identity?

5. Martin Van Buren Forges a New Kind of Political Community
Part Two
Martin Van Buren Forges a New Kind of Political Community

6. Martin Van Buren Forges a New Kind of Political Community

7. Martin Van Buren Forges a New Kind of Political Community
Son of a tavern keeper
Van Buren lacked
aristocratic connections
Van Buren built strong party

8. The New Democratic Politics in North America
Part Three
The New Democratic Politics in North America

9. Continental Struggles over Popular Rights
In 1821, Mexican independence.
Santa Anna strongest early president
In Haiti, independence destroyed the sugar industry.
British Caribbean islands, numerous revolts lead to abolition
Upper and Lower Canada union

10. The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage
United States more than doubled between 1800 and 1830
Trans-Appalachian population grew tenfold.

11. MAP 11.1 Population Trends: Westward Expansion, 1830 Westward population movement, a trickle in 1800, had become a flood by Between 1800 and 1830, the U.S. white and African American population more than doubled (from 5.3 million to 12.9 million), but the trans-Appalachian population grew tenfold (from 370,000 to 3.7 million). By 1830, more than a third of the nation’s inhabitants lived west of the original thirteen states.

12. The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage
1800, only white, male, property owners could vote in most states.
As western states entered Union, suffrage expanded.
1820 most older states dropped property qualifications.
By 1840, 90 % of adult white males could vote.
Women and African Americans were barred from voting.

13. MAP 11.2a The Growth of Universal White Male Suffrage Kentucky was the first western state to enact white male suffrage without tax or property qualifications. Other western states followed, and by 1820, most of the older states had dropped their suffrage restrictions as well. By 1840, more than 90 percent of the nation’s white males could vote. But although voting was democratized for white men, restrictions on free African American male voters grew tighter, and women were excluded completely.

14. MAP 11.2b The Growth of Universal White Male Suffrage

15. FIGURE 11.1 Race Exclusions for Suffrage: 1790–1855 This graph shows clearly that as more states entered the Union, laws excluding African American men from voting increased. SOURCE:Alexander Keyssar,The Right to Vote (New York:Basic Books,2000)p.56.

16. The Election of 1824 1824 election marked end to Era of Good Feelings
Four candidates ran for the presidency.
Jackson won popular vote.
John Quincy Adams won due to so-called “corrupt bargain.”
Adams’s initiatives blocked by Congress.

17. MAP 11.3 The Election of 1824 The presidential vote of 1824 was clearly sectional. John Quincy Adams carried his native New England and little else, Henry Clay carried only his own state of Kentucky and two adjoining states, and Crawford’s appeal was limited to Virginia and Georgia. Only Andrew Jackson moved beyond the regional support of the Old Southwest to wider appeal and the greatest number of electoral votes. Because no candidate had a majority, however, the election was thrown into the House of Representatives, which chose Adams.

18. The New Popular Democratic Culture
More popular form of politics was emerging.
Increased political participation and helped elect Jackson president
Mass campaigning increases participation.
Refer to photo of Politics in an Oyster House, p. 307.

19. The New Popular Democratic Culture: The Print Revolution
The print revolution most evident newspaper growth.
Politics democratized by political pageantry.
Tightly-organized, broad-based political groups emerged.
Party loyalty stressed.

20. FIGURE 11.2 The Burgeoning of Newspapers Newspapers have a long history in the United States. Even before the American Revolution, the colonies boasted 37 newspapers (see Chapter 6), and within little more than a decade, that number had nearly tripled. Toward the end of the century, however, the number of newspapers expanded rapidly, by 1835 numbering more than 30 times that of 1775.

21. The Election of 1828 Jackson triumphed in 1828
Contest portrayed as struggle between democracy and aristocracy.
His victory showed the strength of new parties.

22. MAP 11.4 The Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson’s victory in 1828 was the first success of the new national party system. The coalition of state parties that elected him was national, not regional. Although his support was strongest in the South and West, his ability to carry Pennsylvania and parts of New York demonstrated his national appeal.

23. FIGURE 11.3 Pre–Civil War Voter Turnout The turnout of voters in presidential elections more than doubled from 1824 to 1828, the year Andrew Jackson was first elected.Turnout surged to 80 percent in 1840, the year the Whigs triumphed.The extension of suffrage to all white men, and heated competition between two political parties with nationwide membership, turned presidential election campaigns into events with great popular appeal.

24. The Jackson Presidency
Part Four
The Jackson Presidency

25. A Popular Figure Jackson symbolized the frontier.
Unruly well-wishers led to “King Mob” fears

26. A Strong Executive Jackson’s Democrats created a national coalition.
Jackson was strong executive; consulted “Kitchen Cabinet”.
Jackson strengthened presidency by using veto.
Most famous veto was defeat for rival Henry Clay.

27. The Nation’s Leader versus Sectional Spokesmen
Regional spokespeople included:
Daniel Webster for the East;
John C. Calhoun for the South; and
Henry Clay for the West.
Jackson had national appeal.
Refer to photo of Calhoun and Clay, p. 311

28. The Nullification Crisis
Constitutional ambiguity.
Sectional interests.
States’ rights issue caused political controversies.

29. The Nullification Crisis
The 1828 “Tariff of Abominations”.
Calhoun defended nullification.
South Carolina nullified the 1833 tariff.
Jackson considered South Carolina’s treasonous; Force Bill passed.
Henry Clay engineered compromise tariff.

30. Changing the Course of Government
Part Five
Changing the Course of Government

31. Indian Removal
Jackson embraced Indian cession of their lands and removal.
The five civilized southern tribes most affected.
Jackson pressed for Cherokee removal.

32. Indian Removal Jackson defied the Supreme Court.
The Cherokee removal called “Trail of Tears.”
Removal Act of 1830 was strongly opposed by northerners.

33. MAP 11.5 Southern Indian Cessions and Removals, 1830s Pressure on the five major southern Indian peoples—the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles—that began during the War of 1812, culminated with their removal in the 1830s. Some groups from every tribe ceded their southern homelands peacefully and moved to the newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Some, like the Seminoles, resisted by force. Others, like the Cherokees, resisted in the courts, but finally lost when President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce a Supreme Court decision in their favor. The Cherokees, the last to move, were forcibly removed by the U.S. Army along the “Trail of Tears” in 1838.

34. Internal Improvements
1850: rivers, canals, road, and railroads connected nation.
The transportation revolution.
States provided more funding for infrastructure.

35. Legal Support for Private Enterprise
Supreme Court fostered economic growth:
asserting federal power over interstate commerce; and
encouraging economic competition by denying monopolies.
State laws granted charters of incorporation.
Refer to SC cases Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) and Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

36. The Bank War
Second Bank of the United States (1816) quasi-private institution.
The Second Bank acted as currency stabilizer by:
encouraging the growth of strong and stable financial interest; and
curbing less stable and irresponsible ones.
Eastern merchants liked bank.
Western farmers and speculators feared Bank.
Jackson vetoed the re-chartering bill.
Refer to photo of Andrew Jackson, p.318.

37. In this political cartoon, Jackson destroys the Second Bank of the United States by withdrawing government deposits. As the Bank crashes, it crushes the director Nicholas Biddle (depicted as the Devil), wealthy investors (with moneybags) and the newspaper editors (surrounded by paper) who opposed Jackson on this issue. SOURCE:Library of Congress.

38. Jackson's Reelection in 1832
1832 Jackson soundly defeated Clay.
Jackson put federal money in “pet” banks.
Jackson claimed he could ignore Congressional.
Refer to Jackson political cartoon, p. 317

39. Whigs, Van Buren, and the Election of 1836
The Bank called in commercial loans, causing a recession.
Jackson’s opponents founded an opposition party—the Whigs.
The new party lost 1836 election to Martin Van Buren.

40. The Panic of 1837 Bank death led to Panic of 1837.
Depression gave Whigs opportunity.
Refer to photo of The Panic of 1837, p. 319.

41. The Second American Party System
Part Six
The Second American Party System

42. Whigs and Democrats Democrats: Organized to elect Jackson
Party spoke for Jeffersonian democracy,
Power base lay in rural South, West, northern urban workers

43. Whigs and Democrats Whigs: Organized in opposition to Jackson
Heirs to Federalism,
Power base lay in the North and Old Northwest

44. The Campaign of 1840 1840 Whigs portrayed Harrison as humble man.
The Whigs won a sweeping electoral victory.

45. MAP 11.6 The Election of 1840 The Whigs triumphed in the election of 1840 by beating the Democrats at their own game. Whigs could expect to do well in the commercializing areas of New England and the Old Northwest, but their adopted strategy of popular campaigning worked well in the largely rural South and West as well, contributing to Harrison’s victory.The Whigs’ choice of JohnTyler as vice presidential candidate, another strategy designed to appeal to southern voters, backfired when Harrison died and Tyler, who did not share Whig principles, became America’s first vice president to succeed to the presidency.

46. The Whig Victory Turns to Loss: The Tyler Presidency
The Whig triumph was short-lived.
Tyler vetoed a series of bills.
The Whigs were unable to bridge the gap between North and South.

47. American Arts and Letters
Part Seven
American Arts and Letters

48. Popular Cultures and the Spread of the Written Word
Communications revolution.
Newspapers and almanacs fostered popular culture.
Refer to photo of The Crockett Almanac, p. 321.

49. Creating a National American Culture
An intellectual movement.
Irving, Cooper, and Emerson created distinctly American culture.
Refer to photo of The Boston Athenaeum, p. 322.

50. Artists and Builders Artists drew American landscape and lifestyles.
Neoclassical remained the architectural style.
Balloon frame construction helped housing grow.
Refer to photo of Kindred Spirits, p. 323.

51. Asher Durand, a member of the Hudson River School of landscape painting, produced this work, Kindred Spirits, in 1849, as a tribute to Thomas Cole, the school’s leader. Cole is one of the figures depicted standing in a romantic wilderness. SOURCE:Courtesy of The New York Public Library.

52. This well-known painting by George Caleb Bingham, Stump Speaking, shows a group of men (and boys, and dogs) of all social classes brought together by their common interest in politics.
SOURCE:George Caleb Bingham (American 1811 –79),Stump Speaking ,1853 –54 Oil on canvas,42 1 /2 x 58 in.The Saint Louis Art Museum,gift of Bank of America.Photo © The Saint Louis Art Museum..

53. A Regular Row in the Backwoods
A Regular Row in the Backwoods. The 1841 issue of the Crockett Almanac, named after the Tennessee backwoodsman made famous by his self-serving tall tales, portrayed a rough rural “sport.” Inexpensive comic almanacs combined illustrated jokes on topical subjects with astrological and weather predictions. SOURCE:Crockett Almanac Library of Congress.

54. The Boston Athenaeum was one of Boston’s leading cultural institutions
The Boston Athenaeum was one of Boston’s leading cultural institutions. The library, shown in this engraving, was probably the finest in the country in the early nineteenth century. SOURCE:Library of the Athenaeum.Wood engraving,1855.Collection of the Boston Athenaeum.

55. Nullification Crisis
State’s rights versus Federal laws

56. Indian Removal Act
Act passed by Congress to remove 5 Southeastern tribes.

57. Trail of Tears
Forced removal of Cherokee

58. Bank War
Jackson’s battle with the Second Bank of the US

59. Specie Circular
Jackson rule that only gold or silver could be used in land sales.

60. How did suffrage expand between 1800 and 1840?
Voting eligibility increased from white male property owners to white males.

61. What steps did Andrew Jackson take to strengthen the executive branch of the federal government?
Veto, veto, veto, spoils system, kitchen cabinet.

62. What led to the Transportation Revolution?
Westward expansion

63. Who were Andrew Jackson’s most important opponents and what did they support?
Clay, Calhoun, Webster; transportation, nationalist, 2nd bank, tariff, strong federal govt.

64. What were the main issues of the campaign of 1840?
Whigs versus Democrats; rural small government proponents versus pro strong central government and pro BUS

65. What role did newspapers and pamphlets play in American pop culture in the first half of the 19th century?
Scandal, headlines, up-to-date news due to…..