1. Timo Nevalainen University of Eastern Finland
Primates in Research
Timo Nevalainen
University of Eastern Finland

2. MONKEY AROUND ??

3. Definition of Primates
Large group of about 200 species
Definition necessitates the use of complicated technical terms, such as:
Opposite grip in either hands of feet or both
Testes in scrotum
Two mammary glands
Closed orbital circle

4. Taxonomy

5. Prosimii Primitive primates Look like squirrel or fox
Questionable whether primates at all
Look like squirrel or fox
Many are considered endangered

6. Prosimii Tree shrew (Tupaia glis) Native of Far East
Size and looks like a rat
Daylight animal
Gestation days
Two pups born
Difficult to house in laboratory

7. Other Prosimii Species
Galago senegalensis (Bushbaby)
Looks of a squirrel
Occasional research use
Loris tardigratus
Nocturnal - huge eyes

8. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Wide and low nose
36 teeth
Some have prehensile tail

9. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Considered pest animal in South America
Most common NWM in research
About 800 g

10. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)
Weighs less than a kilo
Nocturnal - large eyes
Requires high temp and humidity

11. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Common marmoset (Callitrix jacchus)
About half a kilo
Only species among primates proper with twins
First primate commonly raised in laboratory

12. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Spider monkey (Ateles)
Larger than previous sp. (7-15 kg)
Prehensile tail
Bumpy abdomen, spidery hands and feet

13. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Narrow nose
32 teeth
Often cheek pouches
If there´s a tail, it´s never prehensile

14. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvana)
Only monkey species native to Europe
Presence of the British Commonwealth and the species on the rocks of Gibraltar

15. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Standard monkey of the Pharmacopeias
Monkey crisis
Most widely used OWM
Discovery of the rhesus-factor

16. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Stumptail (Macaca arctoides or speciosa)
Calm and friendly
Weight 5-15 kg
Difficult to get

17. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Irus macaque (Macaca irus)
Substitute for Rhesus and stumptail
Rough character
Same size as previous two

18. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
African green (Cercopithecus ethiops)
Smaller than macaques
Kidney donor
Marburg disease

19. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Baboons (Papio sp.)
Rarely used in research
Remember Christian Barnard ?
Large and strong; handling difficult

20. Apes (Hominoidea)
Orangutang

21. Apes (Hominoidea)
Gibbon
Gorilla
Chimpanzee

22. Apes (Hominoidea) Did we forget one of the hominoids ?
An important species ?
Humans
Look around

23. Primate Diseases Tuberculosis Draining lymph nodes Tuberculin testing
Tissue changes
Method of tb testing in monkeys

24. Primate Diseases Herpes B Human herpes Nodules on lips or mouth
Fatal for humans
Human herpes
The other way around to Herpes B

25. Primate Diseases Herpes T Fatal in owl monkey
Mucosal changes in tamarins

26. Primate Diseases Pox virus diseases for most species Monkey pox
Small box
Ecromelia in mice
Vaccination with vaccinia-virus

27. Primate Biology and Housing
Sex skin
Follows the estrus/menstrual cycle
Gestation
Species dependent days (tamarins) 270 days (orang)
Number of offsprings
Single, except marmosets

28. Primate Biology and Care
Primates require external source of vitamin C.
New World Monkeys cannot utilize vitamin D2

29. Primate Biology and Care
Cages
Special design with squeeze-back
Gang cages
Prone for fighting & beating each other
Enrichment
Handling
Protective measures and handling techniques

30. Research Techniques Gastric tubing IM-injection IV-injection
Via nose
IM-injection
Much like humans
Squeeze-back used to immobilize them
IV-injection
Superficial veins on antebrachium
Blood samples
Femoral triangle
CDt

31. Research Use
Research community waits for vaccine or therapeutic drug for AIDS
Need for monkeys ?
New Directive
Are F2 animals required?

32. Working Safely with Nonhuman Primates

33. Pop Quiz
Which animals, other than primates, require external source of vitamin C ?
Which group of primates has prehensile tail ?