1. Unit #10 WWII
Chapters 34-35

2. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
The American public was still suffering from the great depression and wanted little to do with the pending issues in Europe
London Economic Conference
66 nations met in 1933
Goal was to discuss ways to beat the global depression
The other nations wanted to stabilize the value of the dollar
Roosevelt undermined the Conference when he refused to agree to the stabilization policy
As a result of Roosevelt’s withdrawal a trend towards extreme nationalism and isolationism strengthened
This actually allows the strength of Fascist dictators to grow

3. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
Foreign relations
In Roosevelt’s first term he made a formal recognition of the Soviet Union
He also promised to grant the Philippines independence
This was because Roosevelt felt that the islands were economic liabilities
The net effect of these policies was that the US was giving up ambitions to be a world power in order to concentrate on the Western Hemisphere
The Good Neighbor Policy
Roosevelt was eager to employ this policy because he wanted Latin American allies to defend the Western Hemisphere against rising dictators
Roosevelt renounced armed intervention and reversed the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine put in by Teddy Roosevelt

4. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements
1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act increased America’s foreign trade
Roosevelt’s foreign trade policy lowered tariffs to increase trade
Did not eliminate the Hawley-Smoot tariff but it lowered the rates by 50%
Totalitarianism spreads throughout Europe
Stalin in USSR
Mussolini in Italy
Hitler in Germany
Hirohito and Tojo in Japan
In the 30’s the American people responded to the Aggressive actions of Germany, Italy and Japan by retreating further into isolationism

5. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
Japan seizes Manchuria – 1931
Mussolini invades Ethiopia
Italy was expected to win in a week but find themselves in a brutal stalemate until Mussolini decides to employ chemical warfare
Spanish Civil War
US did nothing to prevent the spread of fascism in Spain ( )
In the US Roman Catholics supported Franco’s fascist rebels while the Abraham Lincoln Brigade provided active support for the Spanish Republican Gov’t
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis created
Neutrality Acts passed by U.S. Congress
Abandoned the policy of freedom of the seas
Reduced the size of the navy and other armed forces
Made no distinction between aggressors and victims
Allowed aggressors to continue their path of conquest
American ships would be prohibited from sailing on the ships of warring nations

6. Hitler’s path to conquest
Nazi Domination Map
Hitler’s path to conquest

7. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
Hitler systematically eliminates the Treaty of Versailles
Rearms Germany and returns troops to the Rhineland
Annexes Austria and the Sudetenland
Invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
Many nations allowed Hitler to do this because the treaty of Versailles was so lopsided
Munich conference 1938
Neville Chamberlain gives in to Hitler’s requests and grants Germany the Sudetenland
Hitler Vows to Chamberlain that he would stop there
Six months later he takes the rest of Czechoslovakia – Monty Python Clip
Chamberlain knows that Appeasement did not work
British politician Winston Churchill – reaction – “They had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor; they will have war.”

8. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
Germany signs the Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union
Hitler wanted to avoid a two front war
He could now invade Poland with the Blitzkrieg effectively starting WWII (1939)
Germany then goes on to conquer Norway, Denmark, The Netherlands and France by the end of 1940
Many Jewish refugees from Europe had a difficult time fleeing to the US due to restrictive immigration laws and opposition from Southern Democrats and the State Department
In the 1930’s almost no Jewish refugees were allowed to immigrate to the US
Exceptions were made (Albert Einstein 1933)
Franklin Roosevelt’s War Refugee Board helped Hungarian Jews escape

9. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
After the invasion of Poland, France and Britain waited behind the Maginot line for Hitler to attack
Nothing occurred for months earning the title of “Phony War”
Hitler was mobilizing his armies for the full onslaught of France
France Falls – 1940
The weight of the Blitzkrieg collapses France in six weeks
Churchill takes over as Prime Minister of Britain
Southern portion of France becomes a puppet state of Nazi Germany known as Vichy France
“The Miracle at Dunkirk” – Hundreds of ships help evacuate friendly troops across the English Channel

10. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
US Congress’s first response to the fall of France was to pass a conscription law (the draft)
America’s attempt to remain neutral had now come to an end
In 1940 Britain gave the US eight valuable naval bases in exchange for 50 American Destroyers
Direct violation of the Neutrality Acts
A strong majority of the American public favored providing Britain with “all aid short of war”
Election of 1940
Franklin Roosevelt seeks election for a third term (unprecedented)
Republicans nominate Wendell Willkie to run against him
Roosevelt never intended to run for a third term but felt that the US needed his experienced leadership during international crisis
Willkie avoided deepening the sharp divisions among the American people when he avoided attacking Roosevelt for his increasingly interventionist policies

11. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
After the failed attempt to conquer Britain the German’s shifted their focus to the Soviet Union
Catastrophic mistake by Hitler
Lend-Lease Act
Increased the debate over interventionists vs isolationists
Was a direct challenge to Axis dictators
Gave nonmilitary aid to the USSR
Made lend-lease aid available to the USSR
Roosevelt announces that the US will be the “Arsenal of Democracy”
Seinfeld Clip
Roosevelt knew that American involvement was inevitable, now he had to convince the American public
An American propagandist Theodor Seuss Geisel creates anti-isolation cartoons

13. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
Atlantic Charter (Aug. 1941)
Roosevelt + Churchill met secretly in the Atlantic to set goals for the war
destroy the Nazi regime before Japan
people of all nations should choose their own govt. (self-determination)
permanent system of general security (United Nations)
American merchant ships fired upon
Greer fired upon
Kearny crippled
Reuben James sunk
Congress allows the arming of merchant ships
Roosevelt insists that Japan must leave China
Japan needed the resources of China to build their imperialistic empire
When Japan refuses the US cuts Japan’s oil supplies and freezes all Japanese assets in the US

14. FDR and Churchill- Atlantic Charter

15. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor clip
Invasion of Pearl Harbor was a short term success for Japan
Japan seizes the Philippines
MacArthur is forced to abandon his men in Corregidor and flee to Australia
MacArthur’s men are forced on the Bataan Death March

16. Pearl Harbor

17. Pearl Harbor

18. America in World War II
Once at war, America’s first great challenge was to retool its industry for all-out war production
Unlike WWI, during WWII, the United States was nearly unanimous in support of the war
Most ethnic groups were further assimilated into American society
Although Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps during WWII as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear
The general American attitude toward WWII was less idealistic and ideological and more practical than the outlook in WWI

19. America in World War II
Conservative Congress elected in 1942 eliminates many “New Deal” programs
Despite the demands of the wartime economy, inflation was kept in check during the war by federally imposed wage and price controls
In December of 1941 many Americans had no real clue what the war was about
All they knew was Japan attacked us
The US government had to commission production in rubber due to the fact that most of it came from Southeast Asia

20. America in World War II Wartime Agencies
War Production Board – assigned priorities with respect to the use of raw materials and transportation facilities
Office of Price Administration – controlled inflation by rationing essential goods
National War Labor Board – Imposed ceilings on wage increases
Fair Employment Practices Commission – saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against blacks seeking employment in war industries
While most American workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the United Mine Workers
During WWII labor unions substantially increased their membership
The employment of more than six million women in American industry during WWII led to the establishment of day-care centers by the government
Rosie the Riveter
Most women were forced to reluctantly leave the workforce after WWII due to family obligations and men returning to their factory jobs

21. America in World War II African Americans in WWII
Serve in the Army Air Corps (Tuskegee)
Form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality
Move North and West in large numbers seeking work
Rally behind the slogan “Double V” (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home)
Many Native Americans left their reservations to find work or join the military
Navajo Code Talkers
During WWII most Americans experienced economic prosperity and a doubling of their income
The National Debt increased the most during WWII (up to that point)
Most of the money raised to finance WWII came through borrowing from the American public (war bonds)

22. America in World War II Pacific Campaign
Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) – First naval battle in history that took place entirely in the air
Saved Australia
Battle of Midway (June 1942) – Battle for a tiny air field that saved Hawaii
Turning point of the Pacific campaign
Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942, in their attempt to control the Pacific they overextended themselves instead of digging in and consolidating their gains
After Coral Sea and Midway the US relies on a strategy known as “island hopping”
The US seizes Guam which now allows US aircraft to conduct round-trip bombing raids on Japanese home islands

23. War At Sea May 1942- Battle of the Coral Sea
Northeast of Australia, this was the first naval battle carried out entirely by planes
Aircraft carriers and battleships never saw each other!

24. Battle of Coral Sea This battle lasted 5 days
Both sides lost half of their aircraft
1 US carrier sunk, another bad damaged
1 Japanese carrier sunk, 1 put out of action and a third lost all its planes
Militarily a draw, prevented the Japanese from establishing a base in Australia

25. Midway

26. Pacific Theater

27. America in World War II Pacific Campaign
Guadalcanal – horrifically bloody battle to protect the lifeline from America to Australia
An early naval defeat inflicted by the Japanese shortened American supplies dangerously
After several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943
Japanese losses were 20,000, compared to 1,700 for the Americans
That casualty ratio of more than ten to one, Japanese to American, persisted throughout the Pacific war
The US seizes Guam which now allows US aircraft to conduct round-trip bombing raids on Japanese home islands
Things become so desperate for the Japanese that Kamikaze pilots begin their assault
Japanese begin to use civilians as decoys and “cover”
Japanese civilians commit suicide by the thousands in Saipan
“Suicide Cliff”

28. Saipan

29. Leyte Gulf

30. America in World War II European Campaign
After the Battle of Britain and until 1943 Hitler’s greatest opportunity to defeat Britain was with German U-Boats destroying allied shipping
Instead of opening up a second front in France, Britain and the US attack Hitler’s forces in North Africa and Italy
US first taste of the war in North Africa was a slaughter in Morocco
The allies were not ready or mobilized for an invasion in France until 1944 and any invasion earlier than that could have been a major disaster
The British were also fearful of becoming bogged down in a ground war in France reminiscent of WWII
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed that nothing short of Germany’s unconditional surrender would be accepted
They felt this was the only way that Germany could be totally reconstructed after the war

31. America in World War II North Africa
British General Montgomery holds the Suez canal
Rommel was commanding the German forces
Mostly tank warfare
The US came on the opposite flank and forced Rommel to retreat through Sicily and then Italy
“Soft Underbelly” Campaign
Mussolini is overthrown and Italy surrenders
Mussolini later found in hiding with his mistress – they are shot, bayoneted and their bodies displayed in Milan
Italy’s surrender allowed D-Day to be delayed and the Soviet Union to push the Germans back out of the USSR
The Soviets wanted a second front in France in 1941 – They felt that the delay until 1944 was a deliberate strategy to weaken the USSR
Cold War rivalry is already developing

32. America in World War II European Theatre D-Day, June 6th, 1944
Teheran Conference – plans were made for the opening of a second front in France
Dwight D. Eisenhower was the Supreme Allied Commander
D-Day, June 6th, 1944
Months of preparation led to the invasion – soldiers were quarantined once the plan was announced
Weeks of decoy operations had been run to throw off the Germans
Fake army in Dover led by Patton
Paratroopers (82nd & 101st) were to be dropped in the night before in order to take out artillery, MG-42 nests, seize bridges and outflank the enemy in the morning
Nearly every drop was a disaster
At dusk the Allies would land on five different Normandy beaches assisted by tanks
Utah, Omaha (bloodiest), Gold, Juno, Sword
Tanks never made it – weather was horrible
Saving Private Ryan

33. D-Day: June 6, 1944 Just after midnight… Operation Overlord begins
On this day, the largest landing by sea in the history of the world will commence
4,600 invasion craft make their way from England to the Normandy coast

34. Throughout the Night…
1,000 RAF (Royal Air Force) bombers pound the Normandy beaches and German strongholds
Meanwhile, 23,000 American and British paratroopers are dropped behind enemy lines (paradummies; Rupert!)

35. Calais

36. Omaha and Utah Beach
On Omaha beach, there will be 2,000 American casualties alone
Within a week, 500,000 Allied troops will be in France
By July, there will be 2,000,000

39. America in World War II The Election of 1944 Battle of the Bulge
It was a forgone conclusion that FDR would win the election because the war was now going so well
The real concern was who was going to be his VP
FDR releases his three term VP Henry Wallace for Senator Harry S. Truman
Battle of the Bulge
Hitler’s last ditch effort to swing the tide of the war
Last major German Offensive
“Rupert”
“Killroy was here”

40. What country are we in?
Why do you think they called it the Battle of the Bulge?

41. The Nazis Defeated cont.
The Air War
Germany under constant bombing
Raids on Dresden – Feb – 135,000 casualties
Tell of microwave and asphyxiation

42. The Nazis Defeated cont.
On to Berlin
March 1945 – Allies crossed Rhine River into Western Germany, Red Army closed in on Berlin from the East
April 1945 – Mussolini captured – executed, Hitler committed suicide
Eisenhower let the Russians have Berlin so they discovered Hitler’s body
Tell story of Hitler’s suicide as well as Russian documents that say what happen to the bodies
Blondi, Eva Braun, suicide and body
Also talk about Goebbels and his children

43. The Nazis Defeated cont.
May 7th, 1945 – Germany surrendered, May 8th is VE day – Victory in Europe
Potsdam Conference – A conference to decide how to rebuild Europe
Also issued a warning to Japan to surrender or face utter and complete annihilation
The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was finally modified by guaranteeing that defeated Japan would be treated decently by American occupiers
Who’s this guy in the picture?
Talk about the difference between the peace sign and the victory sign

44. Defeat of Japan Invasion vs. the Bomb
Invasion of Japan might cost a million or more casualties on both sides
development of the atomic bomb (the Manhattan Project)
Operation Downfall
Manhattan project. Who was behind it?
Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer. Most people regretted their part in the MP
Who is the President at this time? Truman
Truman had no idea about the A-bomb until he became president
FDR sanctioned the project

45. Operation Downfall

46. Defeat of Japan July 1945 – 1st successful test in New Mexico
Ask students what three scenarios would cause more damage, underground, on the ground above the ground
Talk about how the bomb exploded several thousand feet in the air to cause more destruction

47. III. Defeat of Japan Hiroshima
Aug 6th, 1945 – A-bomb dropped on Hiroshima – flattened 4 square miles, instantly killed 76,000 people
Aug 8th, 1945 – USSR declared war on Japan, invaded Manchuria Japan refused to surrender, 2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki on Aug 9th
USS Indianapolis story – Jaws clip if time
Talk about shadow burned into the wall

48. Little Boy and the Enola Gay

49. Hiroshima

50. Nagasaki

51. Defeat of Japan cont.
Sept. 2nd – formal surrender signed in Tokyo Bay on the USS Missouri
Bookends of the war

52. Defeat of Japan Why use bomb? During WWII the Americans:
Truman – only other option was to invade Japan, costing enormous losses
Truman may have hoped the bomb would impress the Soviets with American Power
During WWII the Americans:
Were a group of highly effective military and political leaders
An enormous effort in producing weapons and supplies
Caused a higher percentage of military casualties than any other allied nation
Maintained and reaffirmed the strength of American Democracy
Tell them about book pages 791, 792 – Aftermath 75 million dead – Rudolf Hess Auschwitz death camp commander – Nuremburg Trials – United Nations and the security council – preventing outbreak and disease etc. – Know your North Africa Maps page 785