1. Lighting and Daylighting Your Way to Zero Net Energy Buildings
James R Benya, PE, FIES, FIALD
BENYA LIGHTING DESIGN
West Linn, Oregon, USA
February

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3. By the end of this program, participants will be able to:
Learning Objectives
By the end of this program, participants will be able to:
Understand the definition of net zero energy buildings
Understand the roles of daylighting, efficient lighting, controls, and plug load management in net zero energy design & planning.
Understand the relationship between load management and the effectiveness of on-site renewable generation.
Gain knowledge of tools and techniques for Net Zero Lighting and Daylighting Design
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6. US Total Energy Consumption by Source
Zero Net means turning the coal, gas, and crude oil trends downward

7. US Sources of Electric Energy 2007
Source: US Energy Information Administration 2007 data

8. Present Day
Coal is used to produce about 50% of the electricity in the US and 83% in China. Its use is growing in both countries.
Increase in Chinese power demand adds (2) coal fired power plants per month to the grid.

9. Present Day
Global climate change is accelerating as greenhouse gas concentration rises faster than expected. CO2 concentration will soon damage ecosystems is an international movement to reduce greenhouse gases to 350 ppm .

10. An international challenge

11. “Sustainability” is becoming an empty marketing phrase
“Green is the new Black” - NY Times, 2007

12. On-going debate and pushback

13. The Promise of Modern Lighting
Beauty, discovery, wonder
Necessary contributions to the functionality of the built environment
Creative contributions to the enjoyment of life

14. The Reality of Modern Lighting

15. Lighting Energy Use

16. The Opportunity in Modern Lighting
Lighting is a prime opportunity to mitigate energy use and greenhouse gas production 70% of lighting energy use is by day 50% of lighting energy use is by older, inefficient technologies Lighting is about 10% of the problem but it can be 20% of the solution!!!!

17. Designing Zero Net Buildings
Reduce total lighting energy use
Free up capacity for other uses
Reduce on-peak lighting energy use
Improve the human environment
Better health
More productivity
Improve the built environment
Capital improvements without capital investment
Reduce human impact and carbon footprint
Less energy use
Dark skies at night

18. What is “Zero Net”?
Buildings that give and take energy from the grid, but in the end, have no “net” use.
Required in California by law for all new residences by 2020 and for all new buildings by 2030.

19. Basic Zero Net Math ≤ +

20. Impact on Energy ©2009 2030, Inc. / Architecture 2030

21. Impact on Carbon ©2009 2030, Inc. / Architecture 2030

22. Chartwell School, Seaside, CA AIA COTE TOP 10, 2009 LEED Platinum Zero Net
Interior lights off by day Exterior lighting off at night No A/C Practical PV array
EHDD Architects

23.  * Zero Net Options Electricity Energy Use Total Energy Electric TOU
Measured Grid Energy Use
Measured Gas/fossil fuels Use
Net Energy of Building Materials and Construction
CO2 generated by operations
Electricity 
Energy Use
Total Energy
Carbon Footprint
Electric TOU *

24. Zero Net Energy
Total non-renewable and off-site renewable sources are considered “Debits”
Total on-site renewable sources are considered “Credits”
End of year: a building is “zero net” if there are more Credits than Debits

25. Zero Net Electric Time of Use (TOU)
Building energy demand profile does not match non-depletable source profile
Excess thermal energy can be stored but excess electric energy is better off returned to the grid as a “bank”
Bank “account” is depleted periodically
Peak users pay a premium
Peak generators are rewarded

26. Guiding Principles of Zero Net
Negawatts cost less than megawatts. Conservation first!
Use passive measures as much as possible. Avoid complex systems except as a last choice.
Start with the simple, low cost high payback measures

27. Making Zero Net Work – Conservation First
Energy Use
Other uses
Reduce Other Uses
Reduce Computers
Computers
HVAC
Reduce HVAC
Lighting
Reduce Lighting
Standard Building
Super efficient building

28. The Next Great Frontier of Design
Daylighting
The Next Great Frontier of Design
It is the Key to Zero Net

29. Daylighting’s Challenges
Four generations of architects and engineers lost to cheap energy
Limited number of qualified architects, consultants and educators
No established methodology or dominant theory
Eighty years of bad habits
Lighting designers must learn to design daylighting

30. Architecture’s Challenge: Architectural Fashion conflicts with Building Science
Glass too transmittive – workers moved 10’ back from windows
Relies too much on low-e for solar gain control
Passive shading only works on one of four facades
Curtain wall poorly insulated

31. Architecture’s Challenge: 70 years of air conditioning have taught us a lot of bad habits
This photo faces north!
20-30X too much daylight
Poor insulation
Too much glare on sunny days
Electric lights all on
Glare control material installed by building occupants also to help control heat gain
Orientation

32. Engineer’s Challenge: Lighting controls are “too expensive” and lights are left on by day.
“Value” engineering:
Spend $2Million in energy to save $1Million in control system costs
Lighting Controls

33. Lighting Designer’s Challenge: controlling ourselves from inefficient designs
Waste
More than ½ of the electric light energy goes straight up into the sky

34. Daylighting’s Principal Goal – Achieving Energy Balance
Underglazed
Good Design
Overglazed
SAVING
COSTING

35. Daylighting’s Benefits
Daylighting can save:
Up to 100% of lighting demand
The cooling associated with lighting demand
Excessive cooling due to sub-optimal daylighting
Cooling energy coincident with other peaks
Daylighting Provides
Healthier interior environments
Higher productivity
Better interior spaces

36. Steps to Better Daylighting
Use passive measures first
Climate tuned orientation and shading
Cooling season solar gain control
Passive exterior components (natural and man made)
High performance glazing
As much insulation as possible
Skylights
Curtain walls
Multiple roofs and skins for problem orientations
Simple skylights

37. Daylighting Dynamics 100000 10000 2000 DESIGN PROBLEM: GYMNASIUM
SUNLIGHT OUTDOORS
MAXIMUM WINTER LEVEL
10000
2000
MAXIMUM SUMMER LEVEL
DESIGN PROBLEM:
GYMNASIUM
500 LUX
DESIGN LIGHT LEVEL
500
200
MINIMUM USEABLE LIGHT 10
EGRESS LIGHTING ONLY
LUX

38. Gymnasium Daylighting
Performance
Sacramento, CA USA
Semi-arid 37° North
Skylight/floor ratio 4.2%
Skylight SHGC
Skylight VLT
Light/heat ratio
Equiv. LPW
Day/Elec ratio
Max summer lux ~1500
Annual clear hours
Cooling day autonomy is almost 100%
Heating day autonomy is >75%
Source: Sunoptics

39. Source: Benya Lighting Design
Toplighting
Linear toplight
Source: Benya Lighting Design
Modular skylights with splay
Source: Sunoptics

40. Toplighting Linear toplight Modular skylights with clerestory
Source: Benya Lighting Design
Modular skylights with clerestory
Source: BOORA Architects

41. Tubular Daylight Device
Performance
Portland, OR USA
Pacific NW 46° North
Skylight/floor ratio 3.0%
Windows on east
Equiv. LPW
Day/Elec ratio
Max summer lux ~2000
Annual clear hours
Cooling day autonomy is almost 100%
Heating day autonomy is <25%
Source: Benya Lighting Design, Solatube

42. Sidelighting with external shading
Source: Kieran Timberlake Architects

43. View Sidelighting – South facing, landscape shaded
South facing high performance glazing
Source: Benya Lighting Design

44. View Sidelighting – west facing, vertical fin and blinds
West facing shading
Source: Kieran Timberlake Architects

45. Diffuse Sidelighting
Diffuse shaded glazing 25% window wall ratio .1 U value 25% VLT
Source: Benya Lighting Design

46. Toplight, sidelight, clerestory
Layered Daylighting
Source: Benya Lighting Design
Toplight, sidelight, clerestory

47. Integrated Electric/Daylight
Source: Benya Lighting Design
Energy use by day: < 0.15 w/sf
Typical for 12 hours
1.8 w/hour per sf per day
Maximum evening lighting: < 1 w/sf
Typical for 4 hours
4 w/hr per sf per day

48. Building Integrated PV
Can be applied to glazing systems Shading Lowers VLT Lowers SHGC

49. BIPV Daylighting Performance Eugene, OR USA Pacific NW 44° North
Skylight/floor ratio 12%
South window w/PV
Skylight SHGC
Skylight VLT
Light/heat ratio
Equiv. LPW
Day/Elec ratio
Max summer lux ~2000
Annual clear hours
Cooling day autonomy is almost 100%
Heating day autonomy is <25%
Source: Benya Lighting Design

50. Double Skin – Water Source Heat Pump LEED Platinum Loyola Information Commons Chicago
Source: SCB Architects, Chicago

51. Steps to Better Daylighting
Active measures
Active shading
Exterior shades
Blinds and perforated shades
Optical blinds and shades
BIPV
Solar Collecting (rarely a good idea)
Heliostats
Fiberoptics and light pipes

52. Integrated and Minimized
ELECTRIC LIGHTING
Integrated and Minimized
Lewis and Clark Law Library
2003 Edison Award of Excellence for Environmental Design

53. Controls Reduce Use and Harvest Daylighting
Typical building: 18 Wh/sf/day
Efficient building: 13 Wh/sf/day
Daylighted Building: 2Wh/sf/day

54. Best Electric Lighting Technology
Low watt sources LED Halogen Fluorescent HID Highest Efficacy Sources Linear fluorescent High wattage HID High Efficiency Sources and Luminaires Plasma HID

55. Modern Lighting Control Technology
Switching Motion sensors Time of day switches Photoelectric switches Dimming Daylighting Tuning User control Systems Whole building load management Shading integration

56. Advanced Lighting and Integrated Design Techniques
Layered lighting and daylighting
Task and Ambient Lighting Design
Natural ambient integrated lighting
Reduced and controlled exterior street and roadway lighting
Dark-sky responsive architectural outdoor lighting

57. Layered daylighting Layered Lighting and Daylighting Design
Let the architecture drive fenestration choices
Windows
Clerestories
Light shelves
Skylights
Sidwell Friends School
AIA COTE Top
LEED Platinum
Layered daylighting

58. Lights on for photography only
Layered Lighting and Daylighting Design
Let the architecture drive fenestration choices
Windows
Clerestories
Light shelves
Skylights
Sidwell Friends School
AIA COTE Top
LEED Platinum
Layered daylighting
Lights on for photography only

59. Task and Ambient Lighting
Typical designs
Ambient light fc w/sf
Task light fc 0.4 w/sf
TOTAL w/sf
State of the Art Design
Ambient light fc w/sf
Task light fc w/sf
TOTAL w/sf

60. Natural Ambient Sales Lighting
NATURA:L AMBIENT LIGHTING DESIGN
Ambient lighting
Sunny day, 100+ fc
Cloudy day, fc
Night 5 fc
Merchandise lighting
Sunny day, fc
Cloudy day, fc
Night, fc
CONNECTED LIGHTING POWER 3.1 w/sf
Natural Ambient Sales Lighting
JEWELRY STORE
Tubular daylighting devices with CMH track

61. NATURAL AMBIENT LIGHTING DESIGN
Sunny day, 150+ fc
Cloudy day, 5-50 fc
Night 5 fc
Merchandise lighting
Sunny day, fc
Cloudy day,
Night, fc
CONNECTED LIGHTING POWER 2.0 w/sf
AVERAGE LIGHTING POWER 0.4 w/sf
AIRPORT
Metal halide downlights/fluorescent upllghts

62. Extremely important on a zero net building
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Extremely important on a zero net building

63. Reduce or Eliminate Excessive Exterior Lighting
Example: School School Building Size 100,000 sf 500 students Parking Lot and Drives Size 100,000 sf 200 cars Parking Lot Lighting 10,000 w LZ3, typical Parking Lot Energy (normal) 44,000 kWh Parking Lot Energy (aggressive) 4,000 kWh Savings 40,000 kWh PV size saved 23.5 pkW (Redding)

64. Dark Sky Responsive Architectural Lighting
Sacramento Memorial Auditorium
2008 Edison Award
2008 Edison Award of Excellence for Environmental Design
Aspen Recreation Center
2005 IDA Gold Award

65. TOTAL BUILDING ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS

66. Office of the Future Survey of California Offices (SCE 2007)
Plug Load
Office of the Future Survey of California Offices (SCE 2007)
Lighting w/sf
Computers w/sf
Monitors w/sf
Printers and misc > 0.2 w/sf
TOTAL I.T w/sf

67. I. T. Power can be as high as 3-4 w/sf in regular spaces

68. Simple I.T. Changes Use laptops or thin clients
Standard office computer watts
Laptop watts
Thin client watts
Use LCD screens
Minimize wall-warts
Employ IT energy management software
HP Thin Client
No drives
Standard keyboard, mouse and monitor
USB , Ethernet, and other ports
Maximum 50 watts, typical operating power <20 w

69. Survey Plug Loads Discovered
Other Plug Loads
Survey Plug Loads Discovered
Office of the Future (SCE) buildings
Portable space heaters (10%) w each 1.5 w/sf
Hot/cold water dispenser w w/sf
Personal refrigerator (2%) w 0.1 w/sf
Personal fan (5%) w <.05 w/sf

70. Mechanical and Envelope Opportunities
Passive
Passive solar
White roof
Better insulation
Natural ventilation
Multiple skins
Active
Hot water collectors
Heat pumps (ground or water source)
Dark sky systems
Thermal storage systems

71. Load Shedding Controls
A system to shed loads to force a better demand profile or simply prevent use at bad times
A system to shed load in response to grid demand and/or time of use costs

72. See Where We Are At…………….
Ordinary Efficient Building
Lights w/sf
Computers 1.1 w/sf
HVAC (cooling) 1.0 w/sf
Plug load other 0.5 w/sf
Non-process 0.5 w/sf
DEMAND w/sf
Average Use w/sf
Annual Use kwh/sf/yr
Assuming normal lack of concern for energy use
Super Efficient Building
Lights w/sf
Computers 0.5 w/sf
HVAC (cooling) 0.5 w/sf
Plug load other w/sf
Non-process w/sf
DEMAND w/sf
Average Use .26 w/sf
Annual Use kWh/sf/yr
Assuming aggressive energy savings

73. A Net Zero Building will have..
Envelope
North facing triple glazed façade
Central north facing clerestory skylight
South facing windows with light shelf
Skylights throughout
Mechanical
Water source or ground source heat pump
Natural ventilation
Green roof with PV array
Good insulation

74. A Net Zero Building will have..
Lighting
General lighting 0.3 w/sf
Task lighting 0.45 w/sf
Digital dimming and controls for all systems
Daylighting designed for >90% effectiveness
Plug Loads
Demand response and management controls
Workstation sensors
>95% conversion to laptops without desktop monitor
All LCD monitors on other computers

75. The Chartwell School, Seaside CA
EHDD Architects, San Francisco
LEED Platinum
Practical Costs

77. Zero Net Renewable Source

78. Other Keys to Success Totally integrated design team
Daylighting is part of schematic design
Owner, architect, engineers and consultants are all part of schematic design
Early definition of goals
Early identification of incentives and rules
Use LEED later not now

79. Zero Net Buildings - Why Wait for the Future? We can do it today.
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