2. Organic Chemistry  Organic molecules are considered to be organic for what main reason?  Carbon is the backbone of life. Why?  Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that contain H and C. Organic molecules are built from a H and C skeleton.  So, how are organic molecules different from one another?

3. Functional Groups are groups of atoms that help determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of organic molecules.  Hydroxyl group (OH) (Polar) mainly characterizes alcohol and carbohydrates  Carboxyl group (COOH) mainly characterizes organic acids  Methyl Group(CH 3 ) (Non-polar) tends to make molecules hydrophobic (e.g. lipids)

4. Classes of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates- organic compounds that may provide energy and structural support Monosaccharides- simple sugars (3-7 C) Monosaccharides- simple sugars (3-7 C) Ex. Glucose and Fructose (hexoses) 6C Glucose - animal blood sugar and the most common monosaccharide in living organisms Fructose - fruit sugar

5. Isomers - molecules that have the same types and numbers of atoms, but different structures Isomers - molecules that have the same types and numbers of atoms, but different structures Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

6. Ribose and Deoxyribose are pentose sugars (5C) Ribose and Deoxyribose are pentose sugars (5C) Ribose- found in RNA Deoxyribose- found in DNA

7. Diasaccharides - 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together Ex.  Glucose + Glucose = Maltose  Glucose + Galactose = Lactose  Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

8. Polysaccharides are polymers Huge chains of monosaccharides. They may provide energy storage and structure.  Glycogen - “animal starch” animals store surplus glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle tissue  Starch - Plants store surplus glucose as starch in …………?

9.  Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide and is the major component of plant cell walls Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth! Why can’t we obtain energy from cellulose? What benefit is it for us? Fiber!

10. Who can obtain energy from cellulose?

11.  Chitin is a structural polysaccharide used to form the exoskeleton of arthropods Chitin is used to make special suture thread and dietary supplements