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Published byCollin Jackson Modified over 8 years ago
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A homogeneous mixture that contains a solvent and a solute(s). PARTS OF A SOLUTION : 1) SOLVENT : The part of that is present in the largest amt; it dissolves the other substances. 2) SOLUTE : The part that is present in the smaller amt; it is dissolved by the solvent. Can have more than one solute!
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Solutions can be solid, liquid, or gaseous solid Brass and other alloys Dental fillings liquid Salt water coffee gas air gas in diving tanks
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Solutions that have water as their solvent are the most common solutions. They are said to be AQUEOUS solutions. Because water can dissolve so many different solutes, it is called the universal solvent.
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COLLOID: mixture that contains small particles that DO NOT settle out but are large enough to scatter light TYNDALL EFFECT – the scattering of light –Pass light through mixture, if you see the light beam - it is a colloid. No light beam – it is a solution.
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COLLOID SOLUTION
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This is milk under a microscope. These are the fat particles in the milk.
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The light from head lights is scattered by water particle in air.
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SUSPENSION: a mixture in which the particles are easily seen and can be separated by settling or filtration.
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SOLUTES : CO 2 gas flavoring coloring SOLVENT: water
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Solutes LOWER the freezing point and RAISE the boiling point of solvents
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Concentration describes the amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. Many times it is expressed as a percentage or a molarity (6 M or 1 M) Solutions can be described as being: 1) Dilute Or 2) Concentrated A 30% solution is more concentrated than a 10% solution. What does that mean?? Suppose the solute is sugar …. Explain!
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To make a solution MORE concentrated: 1) Add more solute 2) Remove some of the solvent To make a solution MORE DILUTE: Add more solvent
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Properties of Acids: Taste sour (lemons!) React with metals & carbonates (corrosive) Turns blue litmus paper to red (indicator) Common Acids: soda, vinegar, citrus juices
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Properties of Bases: Bitter taste Feel slippery Turn red litmus paper to blue Common bases: soap, shampoo, bleach, detergent
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All acids begin with hydrogen! HNO 3 – nitric acid HCl – hydrochloric acid H 2 SO 4 – sulfuric acid HC 2 H 3 O 2 – acetic acid HF – hydrofluoric acid
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Most bases end with hydroxide! NaOH KOH Ba(OH) 2 Al(OH) 3 Mg(OH) 2
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Acids release H+ ions into the water when they dissolve. HCl H+ + Cl- Bases release OH- ions into the water when they dissolve. NaOH Na+ + OH-
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The strength of acids & bases is measured using the pH scale. It describes the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution This is why it is called pH! The more H+ ions in the water, the more acidic it is. The less H+ in the water the less acidic it is.
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The strength of an acid or base can be measured using the pH scale. It ranges from 0 – 14 NEUTRAL = pH 7 = neither an acid nor a base Below 7 = ACID Above 7 = BASE The lower the pH the stronger the acid. The higher the pH the stronger the base.
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An reaction between and acid & base is called : The products of a neutralization reaction are always water and a salt. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O Since all acids begin with H and all bases end with OH they always form water!
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H 2 CO 3 + KOH K 2 CO 3 + H 2 O H 3 PO 4 + Ca(OH) 2 H 2 O + Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Al(OH) 3 + H 2 S Al 2 S 3 + H 2 O
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