1. METHODS AND APPROACHES in TEACHING ENGLISH AS A second LANGUAGE

2. Approaches, methods, procedures, and techniques Approach/-es : -theories about the nature of language and learning - serve/-s as the basis for methods and strategies in language teaching

3. Approaches, methods, procedures, and techniques  Method : -practical realization of an approach -include various procedures and techniques  Procedure : -ordered sequence of techniques -smaller than a method/bigger than a technique

4. Technique : –classroom device or activity/the narrowest of the four concepts –E.g. dictation, role-play, repetition, etc.

5. The Grammar – Translation Method  used by language teachers for many years.  called Classical Method/first used in the teaching of the classical languages, i.e. Latin and Greek

6. The Grammar – Translation Method mother tongue (L1),with little active use of the target language (L2); Vocabulary – isolated word lists; complex explanations of grammar; Text reading is emphasized/ little attention paid to the content and/or context

7. Direct Method reaction to the Grammar Translation Method; No use of the mother tongue (only L2); many dialogues, anecdotes, interactive games, etc. grammar is learned inductively; texts are read for pleasure;

8. Audio-lingual Method Relied on the Behaviourist models of learning using the Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement pattern positive reinforcement good habits drills Dominant usage of L2 Both grammar and vocabulary are emphasized Inductive presentation of rules

9. The Communicative (Approach) Method Communicative Teaching critical reaction to the formal and boring types of exercises used under the audiolingual approach (‘drill-and-kill’ exercises) puts the focus on communicative interaction in class Real contexts; authentic materials L2 domination Importance of target culture

10. Total Physical Response students respond with physical activity to teacher commands TPR includes but is not limited to the following: pointing, gesturing, touching, pantomime, etc. Usually with lower levels (learners) Relaxed classroom, enjoyment

11. The Silent Way Teacher is silent Students are responsible (for their progress) teaching subordinated to learning Students gain autonomy by exploring language

12. Community-Language Learning Holistic Experiences sharing Teacher is a counselor Plenty of communication L2 domination Peer correction; bond between learners

13. Desuggestopedia help students overcome the barriers to learning. Stimulates the whole person Undoes blocks Goes rapidly forward Gives creative solution Encourages relaxation Strengthens self-image Talks to all the senses

14. Desuggestopedia Optimizes learning Propagates talent Enhances learning Dramatises material Includes pictures, music and movement Addresses the whole person

15. Content-based Learning Content-based instruction Task-based instruction Activity Time Problem solving Students actively involved