1. Level 6 Week 13

2. What is this and what does it do? A Bridge CONNECTS places

3. Connectors Think of connectors as a bridge Instead of connecting places, though, they connect ideas These ideas could be inside a sentence, a clause, or a phrase. Idea #1 Idea #2

4. Connectors There are three types of connectors: 1.Coordinating conjunctions 2.Subordinating conjunctions 3.Transitions Idea #1 Idea #2 coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunction, or transition

5. Coordinating Conjunctions Connects 2 independent clauses (IC) What is an independent clause (IC)? Subject + verb + complete thought Strong, can stand on its own IC #1 IC #2 coordinating conjunction

6. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions come between the independent clauses. Need a comma before the conjunction FANBOYS – F or, A nd, N or, B ut, O r, Y et. S o IC #1 IC #2, coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

7. THE COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS F- for introduces the reason for the first clause, same meaning as because A- and joins two similar ideas together N- nor means “not this and not that”; use nor to join two negative sentences; inversion B- but joins two contrasting/opposite ideas O- or joins two alternative/choices ideas Y- yet joins contrasting ideas (like“but”) or when the second part is something surprising S- so shows the second idea results from the first

8. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION RULES If you are joining two independent clauses, always use a comma before the coordinating conjunction. My favorite soda is Dr. Pepper, but Anne’s is Coca- Cola. If you are joining two short phrases or two words, a comma isn't necessary. I like to eat cake and drink tea.

9. Here are a few examples of coordinating conjunctions functioning in sentences: I really love sushi, but my wife prefers Italian food. We went to the market, and we bought some milk. You can eat dinner, or you can go to your room. Coordinating Conjunctions in Action

10. Coordinating Conjunction

11. Subordinating Conjunctions Adverb clause = dependent clause Subordinating conjunctions connects an adverb clause to an independent clause What is the rule about commas in a complex sentences? If the dependent clause is first, then you need a comma.

12. Here are a few examples of subordinating conjunctions in sentences: Even though it takes forever to get there, I can’t wait for my vacation in December! Since my wife hates to do it, I will take out the trash after dinner tonight. Because he was late to class, his teacher lowered his grade. Subordinating Conjunctions in Action

13. Transitions Connect ideas between two sentences or blocks of text (paragraphs or many sentences). Two Sentences Positions: Beginning, Middle, End Beginning: use a period or semicolon (;) before the transition and then put a comma. S #1 S #2.Transition, OR ;transition, A semicolon is like a fancy period

14. Transitions How do we combine these sentences? Use the transition, however. He said he would support the idea. I wouldn’t count on him. He said he would support the idea. However, I wouldn’t count on him. He said he would support the idea ; however, I wouldn’t count on him. S #1 S #2.Transition, OR ;transition, A semicolon is like a fancy period

15. Transitions Middle of a sentence: surround the transition with commas Try putting however into the middle of the second sentence. He said he would support the idea. I wouldn’t count on him. He said he would support the idea. I wouldn’t, however, count on him. S #1 S #2,transition, S #2

16. Transitions End of a sentence: put a comma before the transitions Try putting however at the end of the of the second sentence. He said he would support the idea. I wouldn’t count on him. He said he would support the idea. I wouldn’t count on him, however. S #1 S #2,transition.

17. Types of Transitions (Sentences) Addition (more): additionally, besides, furthermore, in addition Use these when you want to add more information, examples, details, etc. Example: I remember her telephone number. In addition, I remember what street she lives on. Condition: otherwise A result opposite of what is expected will happen if a certain action isn’t taken. Example: I need to write down your email address. Otherwise, I’ll forget it. Contrast (difference): however, in contrast, nevertheless Example: Her speech was good ; nevertheless, I can’t support her ideas.

18. Though (Sentence Transition) Though is a contrast transition when it’s at the end. Contrast Transition: I carefully wrote down her name on a piece of paper. I lost the piece of paper, though. As a transition, it’s similar in meaning to however. In other positions, it is a subordinating conjunction Subordinating Conjunction: Though he has written my name on a piece of paper, he never remembers it.

19. Types of Transitions (Sentences) Effect/Result: As a result, because of this, therefore, thus Use these to show the result of an action. Example: I was not paying attention when she was introduced ; consequently, I forgot her name. Relationships of time: Afterwards, next, then Use these to show the order of events (in time). Example: I went to work. Afterwards, I went home to sleep.

20. Types of Transitions (Connect Blocks of Text) These usually come at the beginning of a sentence in a paragraph. Usually have a comma after it. An example of time order transitions in a paragraph…

21. Turkish Coffee Turkish coffee is not easy to make, but the results are delicious. First, you need a special coffeepot called a "jezve". This is a long-handled, open brass or copper pot. Pour three small cups of water into the pot. Next, heat the water until it boils. Then remove the pot from the heat. Add three teaspoons of coffee and three teaspoons of sugar to the water. Gently stir the mixture, and return it to the heat until you can see foam on the top. When you can see the foam on top, take the "jezve" from the heat, and hit it lightly with a spoon to make the foam go down. After that, reheat the coffee, and tap the pot two more times, making sure to remove it from the heat each time the foam forms. Finally, give everyone a small glass of fresh water to drink with their hot, thick coffee.

22. Types of Transitions (Connect Blocks of Text) List ideas in order of time or importance: finally, first of all, most importantly Example: First of all, let’s consider the question of short-term memory…. Give examples: for example, for instance I can remember lots of things about people. For example, I always remember what they’re wearing.

23. Types of Transitions (Connect Blocks of Text) Summarize: all in all, in summary, overall, in short Example: In summary, these are the key points about memory loss. Add a conclusion: in conclusion, to conclude Example: To conclude, let me just say that we can all improve our memory if we work at it. Sometimes people will use the summarize one in a conclusion paragraph and it’s okay.

24. Exercise 1 pg. 364 Part A 2.T 3.T 4.S 5.T 6.C Part B 2. R 3. O 4. R 5. T 6. A 7. A 8. O

25. Exercise 2 2.He was having problems remembering his appointments, so he bought a daily planner. 2.He was having problems remembering his appointments; therefore, he bought a daily planner. 3.It’s important for Nancy to take her medications, but she forgot today. 2.Although it’s important for Nancy to take her medication, she forgot today. 3.It’s important for Nancy to take her medications. However, she forgot today. 4.Jack remembers everyone’s name, and he never forgets a face. 2.Jack remembers everyone’s name; besides that, he never forgets a face.

26. Exercise 3 2.First 3.Second 4.However 5.Therefore 6.In addition 7.Meanwhile 8.Otherwise 9.In fact

27. Exercise 4 1.Hank didn’t have time to take a shower, and he didn’t have time to eat breakfast. 1.Hank didn’t have time to take a shower. In addition, he didn’t have time to eat breakfast. 2.He ran out of the house, but he left his wallet on the table. 1.He ran out of the house. However, he left his wallet on the table. 3.He was driving too fast, so a police officer stopped him. 1.He was driving too fast. Consequently, a police officer stopped him.

28. Exercise 4 4.Hank didn’t have his driver’s license, and he didn’t have his car insurance. 4.Hank didn’t have his driver’s license. Besides that, he didn’t have his car insurance. 5.While this was happening, Hank’s co-workers were waiting for him at work. 4.Meanwhile, Hank’s co-workers were waiting for him at work. 6.Hank’s boss told him he had to improve his memory, or there could be serious consequences. 4.Hank’s boss told him he had to improve his memory. Otherwise, there could be serious consequences.

29. Exercise 6 A.True things: the visitor has a Hawaiian name; the visitor is wearing a tuxedo 2.People like to be called by their names, and it’s good for business. 3.You need to notice one particular thing about a person and link that thing with the person’s name. 4.The visitor told everyone to stand up. 5.A.) the visitor wasn’t in uniform. B.) The leader didn’t act like this was an interruption. 6.It’s not the usual way to say good-bye. 7.They have to learn to focus their attention consistently.