2. Chapter 2: The American Colonies Emerge Section 2: An English Settlement at Jamestown

3.  England’s early attempts at colonization - Roanoke  Failure & Success in Jamestown,Virginia 1607-1625  The development of the Chesapeake & Southern (Plantation) colonies

4.  Queen Elizabeth I encouraged overseas exploration  Sir Walter Raleigh organized expedition  1585 landed in Roanoke Island (North Carolina)  Colony failed after 1 year

5.  110-117 colonists arrived in Roanoke  Sir Walter Raleigh LEFT colonists, & went back to England  War 1588 delayed supplies…

6.  1588 Spanish Armada invaded the English Channel  Queen Elizabeth I’s Navy defeated the Spanish  Turning Point! England perceived as World Power

7.  1590 ship returned  No sign of life…  No dead bodies…  Nothing!  Except the word  “CROATOAN”  Carved in a tree…  “the lost colony”

9.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUk uZTHQ7Zo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUk uZTHQ7Zo

10.  "We believe that this evidence provides conclusive proof that they moved westward up the Albemarle Sound to the confluence of the Chowan and Roanoke rivers,"  - James Horn, vice president of research and historical interpretation at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and author of a 2010 book about the Lost Colony.

11.  Current interpretation: Roanoke colonists possibly split up into two groups and moved  2 excavations  1 st : 50 miles east of original site  2 nd : 50 miles Northwest from original site  16 th century artifacts at both locations  http://news.nationalge ographic.com/2015/08 /150807-lost-colony- roanoke-hatteras- outer-banks- archaeology/ http://news.nationalge ographic.com/2015/08 /150807-lost-colony- roanoke-hatteras- outer-banks- archaeology/

14.  King James I became King of England  Charter of 1606  King granted charter (permission) to the Virginia Company  To settle in Virginia

15.  Joint Stock Company – a business partnership.  Allowed investors to invest money  Investors share profits, losses

16.  3 Ships: Susan Constant, Godspeed, Discovery  150 passengers & Crew Members  Arrived in Chesapeake Bay (Virginia ), 1607

17.  Problems:  Built settlement Near Marshy (James) River!  Contaminated Water!  Mosquitoes!  Diseases!  Planted no crops!

18.  Don’t know how to:  Farm  Hunt  Build shelter  Get along w/ Native Americans

19.  Took charge in 1607/1608  Built shelters  Planted crops  Dug wells  Negotiated w/ Powhatan tribe  “He who shall not work shall not eat!”

20.  John Smith went back to England due to accident  Crops died!  English invaded Native Americans!  Ate roots, rats, snakes  used shelter for fire wood!

21.  Possible cannibalism  By May 1610,  60 out of 600 colonists survived  New Governor ordered survivors to stay

22.  A Confederacy of 30 tribes  Virginia & Maryland  Tension w/ colonists  Pocahontas was the daughter of Chief

23. The Myth vs. the Historical Truth

24.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O- VyCmeO65M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O- VyCmeO65M

25.  real name - Matoaka  “Pocahontas” nickname (“Mischievous”)  Daughter of Powhatan Chief

26.  DISNEY LIED!

27.  Did Pocahontas “save” John Smith?  NO…  Incident was an initiation ritual  She was 11 (?)  There was NO romantic relationship!!

29.  No!  Father married her off to Kocoum in 1610  THEN…  Pocahontas was abducted by colonists  John Rolfe married her 1614  “For the good of the plantation”  Marriage initiated Peace Settlement

30.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQuR 01BHs_o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQuR 01BHs_o

31.  8 yr Truce between English Colonists & Powhatan tribe  Lady “Rebecca” taken to London 1616  Died @ 20-22 years old  “’tis enough that the child liveth”

32.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Z6kv gT1Sj4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Z6kv gT1Sj4

33.  1616 engraving  1700’s version 

35.  1612 John Rolfe planted tobacco  Profitable crop  Colony became financially dependent on tobacco

37.  Head right System:  50 acres for anyone who paid workers to come to Jamestown  Employer paid passage  Indentured Servant = bound to employer for 6-7 years  to pay off passage  Free at end of contract

38.  -"...the plantation can never flourish till families be planted and the respect of wives and children fix the people on the soil." -Sir Edwin Sandy, Treasurer Virginia Company of London, 1620

39.  1. To establish families  2. Population Growth  * Ensure the birth of new generations !  3. Economic growth

40.  1.Unmarried women from lower classes  2. Young widows  3. Women without fathers, brothers, husbands (no one to provide for them)  4. Marriage opportunity & better life  Agreed marry eligible bachelors in Jamestown  1608 and1619 Shipload of “99 maidens” arrived in Jamestown (potential wives for colonists)

41.  “Chesapeake Bay”:  1. Jamestown, Virginia  2. Maryland

42.  “Proprietary Colony” :  Owned by an individual  Lord Baltimore aka George Calvert, 1634  Plantation economy (tobacco)  Catholic  https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=RsxrJ0f91 aU https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=RsxrJ0f91 aU

43.  “Act for Religious Toleration”, 1649  1. Religious tolerance for all Christians  2. Did not separate Church from State  Significance: freedom of religion

44.  Tobacco plantation economy  1630-1700 : 110,000 English immigrants arrived  80% male indentured servants  Widespread settlement

45.  High death rates: malaria, typhoid fever  Life expectancy: 48 males, 44 females  More males than females = Limited population growth

46.  Economic Shift:  Wages rise in England  More difficult to import white laborers  Slave population Triples 1680-1700  By 1700, African slaves = 22% of population

47.  Carolinas (South 1670, North 1712)  Georgia, 1733  “Restoration Colonies”  Est. after Crown was restored to Charles II England

48.  Warm climate, Good river system  Crops: Tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo

49.  Originally founded to trade w/ West Indies  Rice became cash crop  Rice “exotic” to English, very profitable

50.  West African slaves were brought in to cultivate rice fields  In North & South Carolina

51.  Demand for plantation workers = demand in slaves  By 1720 African slaves Made up 70% of population

52.  Officially separated from Southern region in 1712  Poorer inhabitants

53.  James Oglethorpe, Founder  “debtor colony”  To give English poor a new start  Buffer state between:  Spanish Florida & English Carolinas

54.  1. Chesapeake : Virginia, Maryland  2. Southern : North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia  Profitable stable crops: tobacco, rice  Shift to African Slavery

55. US

56.  1. The development of the New England Colonies

57.  1. Plymouth, Massachusetts 1620  2. Massachusetts Bay colony, 1630  3. Rhode Island, 1636  4. Connecticut, 1636  5. New Hampshire, 1630  6. Maine 1630

58.  1. Christian values  2. Hard work, thrift  3. Families  4. businesses  5. “towns”  6. Town hall meetings  7. Diversified Economy (more than 1 crop/ products)

59.  Puritans: English Protestants who sought to “purify” the Church of England from traces of Catholicism. ( ref: Henry VIII, 1500’s)  “Separatist Puritans” wanted to “Separate” from Church of England.  These Separatists later called “Pilgrims”.

60.  Led by William Bradford  Puritans  Fewer than half were separatist ”Pilgrims”  Sought Religious freedom

61.  102, men, women, children  Mayflower Compact- agreement how to govern  Established Majority rule  Adult Males made laws, conducted open town hall meetings

62.  Puritans – “the purpose of government is to enforce God’s laws”

63.  “…At which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.”  -“E.W.” (Edward Winslow) Letter to a friend in England 

66.  Modern day Holiday dates back to 1860’s !!  Abraham Lincoln started tradition during (Civil War)

67.  Led by John Winthrop  Religious freedom for Puritans  “Self Governing” colony  a religious experiment in the new world.  “We shall build a city upon a hill”

68.  15,000 English immigrants moved to New England  Immigrants Escaped:  1. Religious persecution  2. Bad economy  3. English Political turmoil

70.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hc21 h_adwfc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hc21 h_adwfc

72.  1. Bible is God’s Law  2. Doctrine of Predestination  3. Devil is behind every evil deed  4. Reading the Bible is essential  5. Religious education is necessary  6. Women are inferior beings

73.  Very strict Christian society!  Social Surveillance- neighbors kept a “watchful eye” on community members  Disobedient children placed in “God fearing homes”

74.  Public Shaming used as a form of punishment  Pillory or Stocks

75.  1. Anne Hutchinson  BELIEVED IN Antinomianism – denied the validity of moral laws  “anti” (against) “nomos” (laws)  A rebel!!!

76.  1. Anne Hutchinson  Held prayer meetings to discuss sermons (no-no for women !)  Accused of heresy, sent to trial  Banished from colony, 1638

77.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O- 52HtN2yQU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O- 52HtN2yQU

78.  2. Roger Williams:  Minister from Salem  Claimed colony took land from Native Americans w/o fair compensation  Believed in separation of church & state  Banished 1635

79.  Roger Williams established his own colony:  Rhode Island  Legislated Freedom of Religious Beliefs  800 settlers by 1650

80.  Harvard University  was established in 1636  In order to educate ministers  And discourage others from religious dissention!

81.  Established by : Rev. Thomas Hooker  Moved from Massachusetts with 3 congregations  Established Connecticut

82.  “self governing” community  “Fundamental Orders”: laws/ voting not limited to church members

83. The Americans

84.  1.New York, 1613 (Dutch), 1664 (English)  2. Pennsylvania, 1681  3. New Jersey, 1664  4. Delaware, 1638

85.  More diverse :  Politically, socially, economically  Rivers, Forests  Fertile soil:  Grains: Wheat, oats, barley  “the bread colonies”

86.  Dutch colony  Dutch Perspective: They thought they Purchased Manhattan island  Native American perspective: Dutch given permission to settle land in exchange for goods

87.  1664 Dutch surrendered territory to the British Duke of York  New Netherland became New York

88.  “Wall Street” = Dutch wall  “Broad Way” = “Breede Wegh”  Haarlem village, Breuckelen village  Santa Claus folk tradition

89.  Established by: William Penn  “Penn’s Woods”  Haven for Quakers  “Holy Experiment”  Promised land, religious freedom, democracy

90.  AKA Society of Friends  Refused : military service, to pay taxes, to swear oaths  “swear not at all”  Allowed women to (gasp!) speak in meetings  “quaked” when enthralled by church sermons

91.  Chesapeake:  1.Jamestown 1607 (Virginia)  2. Maryland 1634  Southern Colonies:  3. North Carolina 1712  4. South Carolina 1670  5. Georgia 1733  New England:  6. Massachusetts 1620 ( Plymouth, Mass. Bay) 7. Rhode Island 1636 8. Connecticut 1635 9. New Hampshire 1623  Middle Colonies:  10. New York 1664  11. Delaware 1638  12. New Jersey 1664  13. Pennsylvania 1682