1. SociologyChapter 2 Cultural Diversity Preview Section 1: The Meaning of CultureThe Meaning of Culture Section 2: Cultural VariationCultural Variation Chapter Wrap-Up

2. SociologyChapter 2 Read to Discover What is the meaning of the term culture, and how do material culture and nonmaterial culture differ? What are the basic components of culture? Section 1: The Meaning of Culture

3. SociologyChapter 2 Culture consists of all the shared products of human groups which include physical objects, beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group. Section 1: The Meaning of Culture

4. SociologyChapter 2 Question How do material culture and nonmaterial culture differ? Section 1: The Meaning of Culture

5. SociologyChapter 2 CULTURE All the shared products of human groups MATERIAL CULTURE Physical objects that people create and use Examples Automobiles, books, buildings, clothing, computers Examples Beliefs, family patterns, ideas, language, political and economic systems, rules NONMATERIAL CULTURE Abstract human creations Section 1: The Meaning of Culture

6. SociologyChapter 2 Question What are the basic components of culture? Section 1: The Meaning of Culture

7. SociologyChapter 2 Basic Components of Culture Technology—physical objects and rules for using them Symbols—anything that represents something else and has a shared meaning Language—the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system Values—shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong Norms—shared rules of conduct Section 1: The Meaning of Culture

8. SociologyChapter 2 Levels of Culture Culture trait—individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need Culture complex—cluster of interrelated traits Culture pattern—combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole Section 1: The Meaning of Culture

9. SociologyChapter 2 Read to Discover What are cultural universals, and why do they exist? What do the terms ethnocentrism and cultural relativism mean? What factors account for variations among and within cultures? Section 2: Cultural Variation

10. SociologyChapter 2 Cultural universals—general features common to all cultures, such as cooking, dancing, and medicine Exist because some needs are so basic that all societies must develop certain features to ensure their fulfillment Section 2: Cultural Variation

11. SociologyChapter 2 Question What do the terms ethnocentrism and cultural relativism mean? Section 2: Cultural Variation

12. SociologyChapter 2 Ethnocentrism—tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior to other different cultures Cultural Relativism—belief that a culture should be judged by its own standards rather than by those of another culture Section 2: Cultural Variation

13. SociologyChapter 2 Question What factors account for variations among and within cultures? Section 2: Cultural Variation

14. SociologyChapter 2 Subculture—group within a society which shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population Counterculture—subculture which rejects the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural values Section 2: Cultural Variation

15. SociologyChapter 2 1.List five examples of material culture and five examples of nonmaterial culture. 2.What is language, and why is it such an important part of culture? 3.How do folkways, mores, and laws differ? List three examples of each type of norm. 4.How do cultural traits, cultural complexes, and cultural patterns differ? 5.How did Margaret Mead contribute to the study of cultures? 6.What is ethnocentrism? How does it differ from cultural relativism? 7.How are subcultures and countercultures related? Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding Main Ideas