1. Chapter 10 (Emerging Western Europe)
THE MIDDLE AGES
Chapter 10 (Emerging Western Europe)

2. Europe After the Fall Middle Ages / Medieval Period 410-1400
Continent in disorder
Italy was in social, political, economic decline
Center shifts to Northern Europe (France, Low Countries, Germany)
Conversion from paganism to Christianity.
Catholic church – central authority
Muslims controlled Spain
Continual raids by Scandinavian Vikings and Germanic tribes
Intellectual life at a stand still (Dark Ages)

3. The Vikings The Northmen, Norsemen, Normans
From 800CE-1100CE The Vikings, using advanced ship technology, raided England, France (think Normandy), Russia and even Italy and the Byzantine Empire

4. They influenced language development (England and France) and assimilated by accepting Christianity

5. Germanic Kingdoms Visigoths and Ostrogoths Angles and Saxons Franks
Spain and Italy
Roman structure of government
Warrior class showing increasing dominance
Angles and Saxons
Emigrated from Denmark to Britain
Franks
France, Belgium, and Holland
Clovis – first Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity

6. Germanic kingdoms were a mixture of German and Roman.
The family and extended family were at the center of life.
Crimes were considered personal and often resulted in bloody feuds.
In order to end this two procedures were implemented
1. The wiergild: “money for a man” paid by the wrongdoer
2. The ordeal: a physical trial to determine guilt or innocence. They believed divine forces would not allow an innocent person to suffer.

7. Ordeal

8. Manorialism
Until the 10th century, most secular political organization was local.
Manorialism - system of reciprocal economic and political obligations between landlords and peasants.
Most individuals were serfs living on self-sufficient agricultural estates (manors).
In return for protection (from Vikings, rival lords, bandits) they gave lords part of their crops and provided labor services.
System favored land lords

9. Limits to Manorialism
Less of a necessity as central gov’ts emerged and Viking raids decreased
Inferior technology limited agricultural output until the 9th-century.
Moldboard plow
Horse collars
The three-field cultivation system
Serfs were not slaves.
Hereditary status
Villages provided community life and limited self-government

10. Feudalism
Increased need for protection as internal political instabilities increased
Centralized government inefficient
Commoners going to powerful warlords for protection in return for service
Vassalage
Warriors (military elite) swore an oath to a lord to serve them militarily
Lords took care of warriors needs (food, shelter, clothing, etc.) by granting a fief.
Warrior became a vassal of the Lord
As years passed, became increasingly bureaucratic and specialized
Though it inhibited centralization, some kings were successful in using to create strong states
France – gradually by 13th c.,
England – abruptly with Norman conquest in 1066 (11th c.)

11. The Role of Church
Christianity supreme religion of Europe after the 5th cent.
Single example of organization within Europe after the fall of Rome
Rise of the Pope
Bishop of Rome
Claimed to have control over all other clergy
Hierarchy based on old Roman imperial model
Regulated all doctrine
Oversaw missionaries
Interdict: Denial of sacraments to effect change
Excommunication

12. Conversion of Germanic kings (ex
Conversion of Germanic kings (ex. Clovis 496) shows political power…needed alliances with Rome to legitimatize monarchies

13. The Franks & Charlemagne
Charles Martel of the Franks
Defeats Muslims at Battle of Tours, 732
Grandson, Charlemagne (Charles the Great), expands Frankish kingdom,
Revived imperial traditions –”Emperor of the Romans”

14. Revived imperial traditions –”Emperor of the Romans”
Charlemagne encouraged learning
Colleges and universities were set up to educate workers in his kingdom
Sometimes his rule is referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance (“rebirth”) because learning and the growth of knowledge were reborn.

16. The Holy Roman Empire Arose after the split of Charlemagne’s empire
Swore to protect the pope, Church and Christendom
Revolved around Germany and Italy
Confederation of smaller kingdoms
Relatively weak office, as the areas were never consolidated into a single monarchy

17. Why are Charlemagne and the HRE important?
Charlemagne began a power struggle between the Church and secular leaders that lasted for centuries

18. Magna Carta & Parliament
Runnymede, 1215
King John forced to recognize that power of the monarch was limited
The Rise of Parliament
Edward I
House of Commons - 2 knights from every county, 2 people from every town
House of LordsAll nobles and bishops

19. The Crusades
Motivations:
Results

20. The church tried to eliminate heresy (heretics) whose teachings disagreed with the church’s.
The Inquisition (Spain) in the 15th century was a court set up to find heretics. It is known for:
Torturing people to get confessions, which were often false
Executing heretics
Christians begin reclaiming “The Reconquista” Spain in 10th century (not complete until 15th)

22. Lay investiture - worldly (secular) leaders chose church leaders (bishops) and gave them the symbols of their office
Pope Gregory VII tried to end lay investiture and strengthen the pope’s power
Concordat of Worms – 1122 Agreement where that recognized the right of the Church to appoint its own bishops

23. Monastic Life Dedicate life to church, promoted Christian unity
Communal living in monastery, headed by an abbot
Emphasis on labor and prayer
Life of poverty and doing charity
Helped further agricultural technology and methods
Church schools were first schools
Preserved classical world culture
Convents were also attractive to artistic and intellectual women

24. Scholasticism Reconcile faith and reason Popular for university debate
Harmonize works of the ancient Greeks with Christian teachings
Abelard, “Yes and No” – questions contradictions in doctrine
Opposed by church powers, religion is faith, not logic
Bernard, God is mystical, not explainable
Popular for university debate
Thomas Aquinas, “Summa Theologica”
Faith was fine, but logic could be used to understand law, natural order, and the nature of God

25. The Revival of Trade Gradual revival of trade.
Commerce had slowed during the uncertainly of the early Middle Ages
The more trade rebounds, the less rigid social structure becomes
Cities begin to grow; become centers of trade
Venice/Mediterranean
Flanders/Northern Europe
Trade Fairs
Economic revitalization proves to be a positive force
Serfs becoming increasingly “free”
Rise of Money Economy vs. Barter
Trading Companies, ex. Hanseatic League
Banks, Specialized manufacturing
Increased interest in commercial capitalism beyond Med.

26. Venice
Major trade hub linking Europe to Africa, the Byzantine Empire, and Asia
Strong economy allowed it to exist as a city-state

27. Industry and Guilds Craftspeople organized in guilds
Organizations for individual trades
Political voice for artisan class
Guilds regulated the production process
Standards
Prices
Methods of production
Joining procedure
Apprenticeship
Journeyman
Master

28. The Growth of Cities
Towns had greatly declined during the early Middle Ages.
Most urbanized areas – Italy and Low Countries (will become most economically powerful)
Resettlement by merchants, artisans, craftspeople – centers of commerce.
Many founded as trade and meeting centers outside castle walls.
Government
Most towns tied to land
1100, power in towns shifting from lord to people; people bought powers from lord
Councilmen, judges/re-emergence of patrician class

29. Life in Medieval Cities
Tight living conditions
Narrow streets
Danger of fire
Pollution
Air
Water
Unsanitary
Public Baths
No waste removal

31. Spreading Out The Crusades (11/12th cs.)
Initially called in 1095 to end Muslim occupation of Holy Lands
Sidetracked to more economic reasons, ex. 4th Crusade – backed by Venetian merchants to control Constantinople b/c Europeans feared the trade of Asian luxury goods would be cut off
Briefly established small kingdoms
Exposed Europe to cultural exchange, intellectual exposure to lost Greek and Roman learning laid the foundation for the Renaissance and introduced them to global economic exchange
West to East trade increases and exposes Europeans to new products. They begin to seek new and easier trade routes. (Think Columbus at the end of the 15th century)

32. The Plague, 1347-1350 Spread from Asia via trade (viral infested rats)
Unsanitary conditions of cities, lack of medical knowledge to combat
Killed 1/3 of Europe
Drastically affected social and economic structure…in some cases, entire towns wiped out.

33. Spread of Plague

34. Art & Architecture Art Tapestry Illuminated Script
Religious or Historic
One – dimensional
Tapestry
Illuminated Script
Explosion of building
Gothic
Utilized Flying Buttresses
Pointed Arches

35. Medieval Art

36. Illuminated Manuscripts

37. Bayeaux Tapestry, Depicting Battle of Hastings

39. Gothic Architecture

40. Gothic Architecture

41. Middle Ages can’t last forever…
Technology was rapidly outpacing manorialism’s effectiveness
less people needed need to work in agriculture
Growing dissatisfaction with church
becoming less powerful than state
Artistic and intellectual life less syncretic with religion
Plague
Feudalism dying
Parliaments checking power of kings
Kings building armies – less need for feudal armies (HYW)
Society was stratifying as economic diversity increased