2. COMPARING TWO OR MORE UNLIKE THINGS USING “LIKE” OR “AS.” She looked like an angel. He was as red as a beet.

3. COMPARING TWO OR MORE UNLIKE THINGS WITHOUT USING “LIKE” OR “AS.” USE WORDS LIKE ‘IS,’ ‘WAS,’ ‘ARE,’ AND ‘WERE.’ He’s a pig. You’re an angel.

4. GIVING HUMAN QUALITIES TO ANIMALS AND THINGS The clouds danced with joy. The trees touched the sky with long fingers.

5. EXTREME EXAGGERATION I have told you a million times. You never do anything right.

6. A PHRASE THAT HAS AN UNDERSTOOD MEANING THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM THE WORD-FOR-WORD MEANING It’s raining cats and dogs. He was green with envy.

7. A VISUAL IMAGE THAT THE WRITER CREATES WITH WORDS. The clouds painted a pinkish red picture across the blue green sky.

8. REPEATING THE SAME SOUNDS OR LETTERS IN A SENTENCE OR LINE. TONGUE-TWISTERS She sells seashells by the seashore.

9. WORDS THAT SOUND LIKE WHAT THEY MEAN OR THE ACTION THEY DESCRIBE. SOUND EFFECTS Bang! The floor creaked and moaned.

10. WORDS OR PHRASES REPEATED MORE THAN ONCE FOR EFFECT. With rain, with snow, with sun…

11. A contradiction between appearance and reality, between expectation and outcome, or between meaning and intention. Three kinds of irony: Verbal (sarcasm) Situational Dramatic

12. When someone says something that deliberately contradicts what they mean (sarcasm). Ex: Positive connotations- “My, you’ve certainly made a mess of things!” could be said to a hostess who presents a spectacular dish prepared with obvious care and skill. Ex: Negative connotations- Sarcasm. “Go ahead and keep sleeping during class, why don’t you?” could be said to a sleepy student even though the teacher clearly doesn’t want the student to keep sleeping.

13. When something happens that contradicts our expectation. Rock trio ZZ Top is famously associated with the chest-length beards of guitarist Billy Gibbons and bassist Dusty Hill. The group's drummer, who only has a mustache, happens to be named Frank Beard.ZZ TopBilly GibbonsDusty HillFrank Beard A man jumps over a giant waterfall like Niagara Falls in a barrel and survives, only to take a clean-up shower where he slips on the soap and dies from trauma.Niagara Falls Arnold Schwarzenegger, an actor famous for his violence in film, campaigning against violence in video games in general - which ironically includes those featuring his own characters. Arnold Schwarzenegger An anti-technology website.

14. When the reader or audience is aware of a contradiction that a character(s) does not know. Ex: All horror movies Ex: The audience knows who superheroes are, but the characters do not. Batman, Superman, etc.

15. Something that stands for something else. red = passion, anger white = purity cross = religion heart = love black cat = evil

16. Positive or negative associations society attaches to words House = building Home = security, comfort, and family

17. The exact dictionary definition of a word.

18. A scene in a novel, movie, etc that takes place before the main story

19. Clues or hints about what is going to happen later in the story.

20. When an author refers to another author’s writing.

21. a sentence or phrase, usually expressing a popular or common thought or idea, that has lost originality and meaning by long overuse The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree You’re barking up the wrong tree

22. the act or an instance of stating something in restrained terms, or as less than it is "It's just a scratch" - when there is a huge dent. It’s only a flesh wound- when there is a huge gash in someone’s arm.

23. the humorous use of a word or phrase to suggest its different meanings, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; a play on words.